Micro Bio exam 1 PowerPoint Studying

Vocabulary practice flashcards created from lecture materials covering Chapter 1: Humans and the Microbial World, historical experiments in microbiology, microbial classification, and acellular agents.

Who is Robert Hooke?

• 17th-century scientist who observed bread mold under a lens and described microscopic mushrooms.

Who is Antony van Leeuwenhoek?

• Scientist who observed lake water using a simple microscope and first documented living microorganisms, which he called "animalcules".

What is Spontaneous Generation?

• The discredited belief that living organisms can spontaneously arise from nonliving matter.

Who is Francesco Redi?

• Italian biologist who conducted experiments with covered and uncovered rotting meat to demonstrate that flies come from other flies, not spontaneously from meat.

Who is John Needham?

• 18th-century scientist who supported spontaneous generation by showing that microorganisms grew in boiled broth after it was cooled and sealed.

Who is Lazzaro Spallanzani?

• Scientist who refuted Needham's findings by boiling broth longer and sealing the flasks airtight, preventing all microbial growth.

Who is Louis Pasteur?

French scientist who definitively disproved spontaneous generation using swan-necked flasks and established the theory of biogenesis.

What is the Swan-Necked Flask Experiment?

• Louis Pasteur's experiment in which boiled broth stayed sterile in open-air, curved-neck flasks because microorganisms became trapped in the bends of the glass.

What is Biogenesis?

The fundamental biological principle stating that living organisms arise only from pre-existing living organisms.

What is the Germ Theory of Disease?

• The principle established during the Golden Age of Microbiology stating that specific microorganisms cause specific infectious diseases.

What is a Hypothesis?

• A testable explanation or answer to a scientific question based on observations.

What is a Scientific Theory?

An established, testable explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by an extensive body of evidence.

What are Normal Flora (Microbiota)?

The population of non-pathogenic microorganisms residing on and inside the human body that aids in digestion, immune development, and protection against pathogens.

What is a Pathogen?

A disease-causing microorganism or acellular agent.

What are Emerging Infectious Diseases?

Infectious diseases that have recently increased in incidence or geographic range, such as COVID-19, Zika, and Ebola.

What is a Prokaryote?

• A single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What is a Eukaryote?

• An organism whose cells contain a true membrane-bound nucleus and complex membrane-bound organelles.

What are Domain Bacteria?

• A domain of single-celled prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan, typically ranging in size from $0.3\text{--}2.0\text{ }\frac{1}{1000000}\text{m}$.

What is Peptidoglycan?

• A compound unique to the cell walls of Bacteria that provides structural support and shape.

What are Domain Archaea?

• A domain of single-celled prokaryotes similar in shape and size to bacteria, but lacking peptidoglycan in their cell walls and often living in extreme environments.

What are Domain Eukarya?

• A domain consisting of all eukaryotic organisms, including fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths, with typical cell sizes ranging from $5\text{--}50\text{ }\frac{1}{1000000}\text{m}$.

What is the Binomial System of Nomenclature?

• The formal two-part scientific naming system consisting of a capitalized Genus name followed by a lowercase species name.

What are Fungi?

• Eukaryotic organisms that harvest energy from organic material degradation; includes single-celled yeasts and multicellular molds or mushrooms.

What are Algae?

• Photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms containing chloroplasts and cell walls, ranging from single-celled to multicellular forms.

What are Protozoa?

• Single-celled, motile eukaryotic organisms that lack a rigid cell wall.

What are Helminths?

• Parasitic worms (including roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes) whose adult forms are visible to the naked eye but whose eggs and larvae are microscopic.

What are Acellular Infectious Agents?

• Non-living infectious entities—including viruses, viroids, and prions—that cannot reproduce independently and are not composed of cells.

What is a Virus?

• An acellular infectious agent consisting of nucleic acid inside a protein coat that infects living host cells to replicate.

What is a Viroid?

• An acellular infectious agent composed solely of a short strand of RNA without a protein coat, which infects plants.

What is a Prion?

• An infectious misfolded protein that causes normal cellular proteins to misfold into aggregates called fibrils, causing neurodegenerative diseases.

What is a light microscope magnification?

• 1,000x

What is an electron microscope magnification?

• 100,000x

What is the total magnification equation?

• ocular x objective

  • Ex: (if 10x) (if 40x) = 400x

What are the 3 concepts of light microscopes?

• Magnification

• Resolution

• Contrast

The steps of gram staining:

1. Basic dye (crystal violet) - stains all cells

2. Iodine - Fixes dye, precipitates dye: dye binds stronger; harder to leave cell

3. Alcohol - removes violet; gram + remain purple: gram - become colorless

4. Safranin - basic dye; gram + stay purple: gram - appear pink

Why are endospores star shaped?

• More surface area

What is binary fission?

• Cell division

What is simple diffusion?

• Solute moves from high to low concentration

What is osmosis?

• Selective membrane

• Solute can’t move

• Water moves from high to low concentration

Characteristics of cell wall

• Strong, rigid,

• Gives structure

• Prevents lysis

• Osmosis

In gram + and gram -, is the peptidoglycan layer thick or not?

• Gram +: thick peptidoglycan

• Gram - : thin peptidoglycan

What does penicillin inhibit?

• Cell wall synthesis

What is sporulation?

• Cell division to make endospore

What is similar/like bacteria?

• Chloroplasts

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

• Eukaryote engulfed bacteria

• Bacteria lost cell wall

• Bacteria turned into mito. + chloro.

What is the lag phase?

• no cell division

• make enzymes

What is the log phase?

• constant division

• sensitive to penicillin

What is stationary phase?

• nutrients ↓

• no cell division

• some death

• cell death is the same as cell division

What is cell death?

• Constant death

What of prolonged decline?

• some survive

• adapt to conditions

What is the colony edge like?

• High in O2 and nutrients

• Cell growth

What is the colony center like?

• Low O2 and nutrients

• High waste and cell death

What are the environmental factors that effect growth?

• Temperature

• pH

• Water

What is the pH range that microbes thrive?

• 5-8

What is the optimal pH?

• 7

What happens in a hypertonic solution?

• Water leaves

• Cell shrinks then dies

What is the ideal number of colonies on a plate?

• 30-300

What does the cloudiness of a cell mean?

• How concentrated it is

• More = more concentrated

• Less = less concentrated

What is sterilzation?

• Remove all microbes/spores

• pathogens/non pathogens

What is disinfection?

• Remove most microbes for inanimate objects

• Pathogens

What is pasteurization?

• Destroys pathogens in food

• Brief heating

• Less spoilage

How long should you wash your hands?

• 20 seconds or birthday song x2

What is BSL-1?

• No pathogens

• Ex: E. coli, baker’s yeast

What is BSL-4?

• Lethal pathogens

• No vaccine/treatment

• Ex: ebola, anthrax, botulism, HIV

What is the D value?

• How many decimals you go down by

• Ex: 1,000 to 10 is 2D

Boiling is a good way to sterilize except it doesn’t kill ……

• Endospores

What is an autoclave used for?

• Killing endospores

• High pressure and high temp.

What are the settings for an autoclave?

• 15 psi, 121 degrees C, 15 minutes

What is dry heat used for?

• Glass and powders

• 200 degrees C for 90 minutes

What is radiation and what does it do?

• Ultraviolet

• Destroys DNA, damages skin, eyes; poor penetration

How effective is 70% ethanol?

• More

How effective is 100% ethanol?

• Less

• Evaporates faster and needs water

What is metablism?

• Harvest energy

• Make components

What is catabolism?

• Degradation

• Large → small + ATP

What is anabolism?

• Synthesis

• Small + ATP → large

What do enzymes do in metabolism?

• Speed up the reaction

What does an enzyme do/where does it bind?

• Active sit

• Substrate binds

• Causes shape change

• Bonds break or form

What are cofactors?

• Aid enzymes

• Are Elements like magnesium, zinc, and copper

What are coenzymes?

• Aid enzymes

• Are large organics like FAD, NAD+, NADP+

What is a competitive inhibitor?

• Similar to substrate

• Binds active site

• Blocks substrate

What is a non-competitive inhibitor?

• Allosteric inhibitor

• Diff. structure than the substrate

• Binds to the allosteric site, not the active site

• Changes shape

• Substrate can’t bind

What are the 3 pathways?

• Glycolysis

• Pentose phosphate pathway

• Transition step + TCA cycle

What is glycolysis?

• 1st step of glucose breakdown

What is the investment, gain, and net worth of ATP in glycolysis?

• 2 ATP

• 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvates

• 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvates

  • NADH is a reducing power

What does glycolysis need?

• NAD+

• Electron (e-) carrier

What happens is NAD+ runs out?

• Glycolysis stops

To keep glycolysis going need to recycle NAD+. How?

• Remove e- from NADH

How do keep glycolysis going?

• Need to recycle NAD+

• Remove e- from NADH

What happens if O2 is available in glycolysis?

• O2 takes e-

• Recycles NAD+

• Respiration get 38 ATP

What many ATP do you get from repsiration?

• 38 ATP

What happens if no O2 is available in glycolysis?

• Can’t respire

• Fermentation

• Pyruvate takes e- recycles NAD+

• Gets only 2 ATP BUT keeps glycolysis going

What is the transition step?

• Links glycolysis to the TCA Cycle

• CO2 is removed

What is the TCA Cycle?

• Last step of glucose breakdown

What do you get from the TCA cycle?

• 6 NADH (reducing power)

• 2 FADH2 (reducing power)

• 2 ATP

What is respiration and when does it occur?

• Use e- transport chain ETC

• Reducing power → proton motive force → ATP

• When O2 is present

If cells can’t respire, what process do they go through?

• Fermentation

• Exercise
  Need lots of ATPs
  Use fermentation
  Make lactic acid
  Burning sensation