Bot-Lab (Sem-1) - Chapter 7: Angiosperms

wa pani nahuman tawn

angiosperms

flower-bearing vascular plants; constitutes the largest and most dominant group of plants on Earth today

synapomorphies

characteristic/traits of a plant

synapomorphy

a character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form

developed ovarian wall; pollen grains deposited on stigmatic surface; triple fertilization; presence of sieve elements with companion cells

synapomorphies of angiosperms

cotyledon

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed

peduncle; receptacle; sepal; petal; stamen; anther; filament; pistil; stigma; style; ovary; ovule with embryo sac

parts of a flower

peduncle

identify the part labeled with a question mark; stalk of a flower

receptacle

identify the part labeled with a question mark; part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached

sepal

identify the part labeled with a question mark; outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud

petal

identify the part labeled with a question mark; parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored; used to attract pollinators

stamen

identify the part labeled with a question mark; pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther

anther

identify the part labeled with a question mark; part of the stamen where pollen is produced

filament

identify the part labeled with a question mark; a stalk-like structure that attaches to the base of the flower and supports the anther

pistil

identify the part labeled with a question mark; ovule producing part of a flower; ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma; mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed

stigma

identify the part labeled with a question mark; part of the pistil where pollen germinates

style

identify the part labeled with a question mark; the stalk that supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary

ovary

identify the part labeled with a question mark; enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced

ovule with embryo sac

identify the part labeled with a question mark; female gametophyte or embryo sac, which at maturity contains the gametes, develops within a specialized structure, the ovule

corolla

all of the petals of a flower

calyx

all of the sepals of a flower

perianth

all of the petals and sepals of a flower

ovarian wall

eventually develops into the pericarp in fruits (outer, protective covering)

stigmatic surface

the portion of the gynoecium responsible for pollen reception and for providing the conditions for its germination and initial growth

micropyle

a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed

triple fertilization

a fusion that occurs during the process of double fertilization in a seed-bearing plant and results in the production of the triploid endosperm tissue

triploid endosperm

an endosperm formed in sexual reproduction between diploid parents

sieve elements

specialized cells that function in the conduction of sugars

companion cells

type of cell found within the phloem of flowering plants; each companion cell is usually closely associated with a sieve element

late Jurassic - early Cretaceous of the Mesozoic Era

when plants existed and proliferated due to their rapid life cycles

basal angiosperms (ANA grade and Magnoliids); monocots and eudicots

angiosperm clades

basal angiosperms

once united with dicots due to netted leaf venation and possession of two cotyledons, renewed after advent of molecular characters

flattened/laminar stamens; numerous tepals; many separate/basally united carpels; spirally-arranged leaves; aromatic oils

the features that unite basal angiosperms

laminar stamen

possess a leaflike, dorsiventrally flattened structure bearing two thecae (pairs of microsporangia), these typically on the adaxial surface

tepals

one of the outer parts of a flower; used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals

carpel

the female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an ovary, a stigma, and usually a style

aromatic oils

volatile and liquid aroma compounds from natural sources, usually plants

ANITA grade

most basal angiosperms; shortened to ANA

Amborella; Nymphaeales; Austrobaileya

what does ANA stand for?

Amborella; Nymphaeales; Illiciales; Trimeniaceae; Austrobaileya

what does ANITA stand for?

Amborellales

Amborella; most basal angiosperm; monotypic; contains a single species (Amborella trichopoda); unique from other basal angiosperms because xylem tissue lacks vessel elements, only tracheids

Amborella trichopoda

the only species under Amborellales, the most basal angiosperm order

monotypic

having only one type or representative, especially (of a genus) containing only one species

vessel elements

one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants; found in most angiosperms and in some gymnosperms such as cycads and Ephedra, but absent in conifers

tracheids

a type of water-conducting cell in the xylem which lacks perforations in the cell wall; lignified

Nymphaeales

a basal angiosperm; an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea nouchali (water lily)

an aquatic flowering species under Nymphaeales

Magnoliids

the largest flowering plant clades outside of the eudicots and monocots, which are distributed worldwide and have high economic, ornamental and ecological values; consists of four orders: Canellales; Laurales; Magnoliales (Annonaceae); Piperales

Canellales; Laurales; Magnoliales (Annonaceae); Piperales

four orders of Magnoliids

Piperales

Magnoliids; consists of herbs, epiphytes, or small trees; with flowers that are minute, without a perianth densely packed in thick spikes; carpels are 1-4 connate

perianth

the outer part of a flower, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals)

connate

(of parts) united or fused together so as to form a single part

Peperomia pellucida

Magnoliids; Piperales; sinaw-sinaw; an annual, shallow-rooted herb, usually growing to a height of about 15 to 45 cm, it is characterized by succulent stems, shiny, heart-shaped, fleshy leaves and tiny, dot-like seeds attached to several fruiting spikes

Laurales

Magnoliids; plants that have sticky pollen without aperture; endosperm is absent

pollen aperture

areas on the walls of a pollen grain, where the wall is thinner and/or softer

Persea americana (avocado)

Magnoliid; Laurales; evergreen tree with unusually oily fruit

Cinnamomum sp. (cinnamon)

Magnoliids; Laurales; a genus of evergreen aromatic trees and shrubs belonging to the laurel family, Lauraceae

Magnoliales (Annonaceae)

Magnoliids; plants with simple leaves, alternately arranged in two rows; flowers with six petals, many pistils, and spirally arranged on a stalk

simple leaves

singular and never divided into smaller leaflet units; it is always attached to a twig by its stem or the petiole

compound leaves

the leaf blade is divided, forming leaflets that are attached to the middle vein, but have their own stalks

Annona squamosa (atis)

Annonaceae; Magnoliids; sugar apple

monocots

a group of angiosperms where flower parts are in multiple of 3s (usually 6 tepals), syncarpous; parallel-veined leaves, single cotyledon, monoaperturate pollen, fibrous root system, and scattered vascular bundle

syncarpous

a feature of monocots; carpels united in a compound ovary

leaf venation

the term used to describe the arrangement of veins in a leaf lamina

parallel venation

a feature of monocots; in which the veins run in straight lines across the length of the leaf without converging; can be longitudinal or pinnate

longitudinal parallel venation

parallel venation that runs from leaf tip to base

pinnate parallel venation

parallel veins grow perpendicularly from the bottom to the end of the leaflet from a conspicuous midvein in the middle of the lamina

monoaperturate pollen

a feature of monocots; pollen grains contain only one aperture

fibrous root system

a feature of monocots; usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem

scattered vascular bundle

a feature of monocots; vascular bundles occur at random places

Elodea sp. (waterweeds)

monocot; herbaceous perennials that feature dark green leaves arranged in whorls of two to seven along the stem

Dioscorea alata (purple yam/ube)

monocot; tubers are usually a vivid violet-purple to bright lavender in color, but some range in color from cream to plain white

Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)

monocot; a tall perennial fast growing grass with tuft of lemon scented leaves from the annulate and sparingly branched rhizomes

Canna indica (canna lily)

monocot; stout herbaceous plant with a tuberous rootstock with bright red to yellow flowers

Zephyranthes rosea (rain lily)

monocot; a bulbous perennial with charming upward-facing, sugar-pink flowers

Allium porrum (sibuyas dahunan)

monocot; a vegetable, a cultivar of Allium ampeloprasum, the broadleaf wild leek

eudicots

a group of angiosperms where the synapomorphy of members is triaperturate (tricolpate) pollen; flowers are in multiples of 4 or 5; netted venation on leaves; vascular bundles in ring; 2 cotyledons; tap root system

triaperturate (tricolpate) pollen

a feature of eudicots; pollen grains having three apertures

reticulate/netted venation

a feature of eudicots; the leaf veins form a lace-like skeleton of veins

pinnately netted venation

netted venation; several smaller veins branching out of a dominant midrib

palmately netted venation

netted venation; several dominant veins branching out from the petiole

radially netted venation

netted venation; branching outward from a single point in a spiral

vascular bundle ring

a feature of eudicot; vascular bundles in the stem are arranged around a ring of cambium, which contains cells that divide to expand the girth of the stem

tap root system

consists of a a large, central, dominant root growing downward from the crown

Rosa sp. (rose)

eudicot; a popular flower for valentine’s day

Bauhinia purpurea (orchid flower)

eudicot; a small size tree found throughout the Philippines; tree with purple flowers

Tridax procumbens

eudicot; a weed that is everywhere; a pest plant

Lantana camara (kantutay)

eudicot; an attractive ornamental shrub native to the Americas and Africa that grows readily in tropical and subtropical habitats

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (gumamela)

eudicot; a tropical, evergreen plant known for its bold flowers that can be up to 6 inches across with a showy central tube

Coleus blumei (mayana)

eudicots; popular as a garden plant for its brightly colored foliage