Exam 3 Prep

Boarding School

Beginning of the 20th century - Part of the white agenda.

American Indian parents were forced to send their children to schools run by Christian missionaries where students lived on the premises.

“separate but equal”

The doctrine that supported the idea that racially segregated schools with “supposed” equal opportunities and resources for all races.

Brown v. Board of Education

Dismantled the legal basis of racial segregation

“The doctrine if separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” - In the field of public education

Whiteness

Racial domination normalized

Eurocentric Curriculum

Subjects and programs that consider the stories and experiences of Americans of European descent central to the knowledge of American history and those of non-European Americans marginal.

Silences the voices of nonwhites and tends to dull the sharp edge of past injustices.

Education Gap

The disparity in the educational opportunities and performance between different racial groups.

The role of the Economy

“Poverty and the unequal distribution of wealth”

Economic inequality and educational inequality are would together.

Students with highly educated and wealthy parents are advantaged in school.

The role of the Family

Family can provide students material resources but also immaterial Resources that hep them get ahead in school.

The two capitals connected to the role: Cultural Capital & Social Capital

Cultural Capital

The sum of one’s knowledge of established and exalted cultural activities and practices (someone’s knowledge of certain cultural topics).

Parents consciously/unconsciously work to nurture within their children certain cultural competences

Social Capital

Refers to the sum of all one accrues by being connected to a network of people (Refers to whom you know).

Works best when combined with other forms of capital

Familism

Variant of social capital - having to do with one’s attachments to and relevance on family-based relationships.

The Role of Culture

Has to do with the meaning-making, symbols, and traditions.

Subcategories: The Model Minority, Appositional Culture, Stereotype Threat

The Model Minority

The myth that labels/characterizes Asian Americans as more obedient, industrious, and intelligent than other minorities.

Oppositional Culture

Came from anthropologist John in the 1970s

A collection of linguistic, behavioral, aesthetic, and spiritual attitudes and practices formed in direct opposition to mainstream white culture.

Structured by powerful historical forces.

Stereotype Threat

Comes from the work of Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson

The physiological notion that negative stereotypes about a racial group can make members of that group feel at risk of conforming to those stereotypes.

The Role of Schools

Most powerful institution with respect to generating educational inequalities.

Subcategories: Students Advantaged Students Betrayed & Tracking

Tracking

Practice of sorting students into different ranks, ostensibly according to their ability.

Intentionally or unintentionally produces racial inequality

Affirmative Action

Umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities.

Burden to Succeed

For Asian Americans - sometimes turns into a lose-lose situation.

Success = “well, of course they won, they’re asian”

Failure = “why didn’t they win, they’re asian”

Human Zoos

A type of art exhibit popular during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Intended to demonstrate the supposed nature al superiority of the white race.

Minstrelsy

A form of popular entertainment within the American stage between 1830-1910.

White people would perform in blackface purported to represent authentic African-American life.

Sorrow Songs

Enslaved Africans would sing spirituals, which were often slow and melodious. They would often cry out to god for deliverance.

They expressed explicitly contradictory emotions.

Color-blindness

The concept of a society in which race no longer serves as the basis for social stigmatization, discrimination, inequality, and injustice.

Multiculturalism

Envisions a society in which racial diversity is taken into full account and valued for its own sake.

Racial Democracy

A model of race relations in which persons of all racial groups draw returns on societal resources commensurate with the value they themselves have added to them, and in which all are recognized in their full humanity as contributors to the social whole.

Reflectivity

Habits of critical thought and reflection through which people seek to identify unconscious assumptions and blind spots in their own, and others’ understating of racial life.

Institutions

Cultural, Societal, religious, legal or state frameworks, and organizations.

Collective action

Refers to bold transformative social change, often brought through about public protests such as strikes, sustained boycotts, public demonstrations, civil disobedience, and racial uprisings.

Change at the individual Level

Indirect change: people can change the settings they inhibit with the deliberate aim putting themselves in contexts more conductive to growth and enriched experience.

Deliberate reflection: “critical moments” of perplexity that in turn lead to (self) critical thought.

Change at the Interactional Level

Diverse means are availed for making interactions more racially democratic.

Injunctions (techniques):

1. Take their prejudice seriously (Don’t yell at them)

2. Ask people questions - posed authentically not sarcastically

3. Do your homework - offer the person a better interpretation than the one they have

Change at the Institutional Level

Larger means to fighting racism

Means towards racial reconstruction:

• Anti-discrimination laws

• Affirmative Action

• Hidden agenda

• Symbolic reclassification

Anti-Discrimination Laws

Addresses discrimination in education, housing, and the workplace.

EX:

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Fair Housing Act (1968)

Hidden Agenda

Promoted by sociologist William Julius

Means to improve the life chances of truly disadvantaged groups such as the ghetto underclass by emphasizing programs to which the more advantaged groups of all races and class backgrounds can positively relate.

Symbolic Reclassification

Institutions embody a symbolic order, a framework of rules categories, and boundaries, whose structure helps shape the working of racial domination.

Caste system

has two or more rigidly defined and unequal groups in which membership is passed from generation to generation. Status is determined by how someone is born.

Ascribed Statues

The group in which someone is born into, determines people’s opportunities throughout their lives.

Class System

One’s status is determined by achieved status rather than how one is born.

Achieved Status

Status people gain through their own actions.

Race relations - Paternalistic

• Economy

  • Agrarian - Plantation

• Division of Labor

  • Simple division of labor

  • easy to keep racial division

    • owner/worker

• Mobility

  • little to none

• Stratification

  • Caste (race) - born into it

    • Many within the caste assigned to job-positions

    • Ascribed status

• Race Relations

  • Paternalistic - don group male = Benevolent dictator

• Stereotype

  • Lower caste = child like, immature, lazy, impulsive, inferior

• Miscegenation

  • Condoned: dom group male (upper caste) - female lower caste

  • Condemned: lower caste male - upper caste female

Race Relations - competitive

• Economy

  • Industrialization - urban - factories

• Division of Labor

  • Complex

• Mobility:

  • More

• Stratification

  • caste x class

  • complex class

• Race relations

  • Competitive (industry)

• Stereotypes

  • Threat, upppity (status higher), dangerous, oversexed, aggressive, dirty, inferior

• Miscegenation

  • Rare - mostly condemned

Colonization

When one group migrates into another area where another group is already present and conquers and subordinates that’s indigenous group.

Annexation

Occurs when one group expands its territory to take over control of an area formerly under the control of another group.

Immigration

Occurs when a group migrates into another areas area where another group is established may be voluntary, as when they are imported as slaves.

Origins of Ethnic Stratification

Theory constructed by a guy named Noel in 1968

Three conditions must be present for intergroup contact to lead to ethnic stratification:

1. There must be ethnocentrism

2. There must be competition or opportunities for exploitation between ethnic groups

3. Unequal power: one group must be powerful enough to dominate or subordinate the other

The Plantation System

In the South:

• The plantation-owning class became the dominant economic and political elite.

• The plantation system required cheap and dependable labor to produce wealth for its owners,.

In the North:

• Slaves were largely a luxury for a few wealthy individuals.

• Never passed laws legislating all blacks into slavery

Why were black Africans enslaved

According to Noel

There was nothing voluntary about their immigration - they were in a strange land with no possibility of running off to rejoin their people. They lacked group cohesion.

Basically the power balance was so heavily weighted against black that they were the easiest group to enslave.

The Alabama Slave Code, 1883

Under the slave codes in effect in Alabama in 1833, the fol-

• For any "white person, free negro, or mulatto" to be

lowing acts were forbidden by law:

found in company with slaves at any unlawful meeting and for any justice of the peace or sheriff to fail to take

• Any passage of laws by the general assembly that

action against such a meeting

would emancipate slaves, or prevent people from bringing slaves into the state, so long as they are kept

• For any person to buy, sell, receive from, or give to a

in slavery

slave without the slave owner's permission or for any slave owner to permit a slave to "go at large and trade

• For a slave to testify in any criminal or civil case, except

as a freeman," or to hire him or herself out for work

against another slave

• For any slave to keep a dog, horse, or mule

• For any slave to go from the tenemant of his or her master without a pass; if such slave is found on any planta-

• For any free person of color to settle in Alabama after

tion, the slave must be returned to his or her master and

February 1, 1833, with penalties including imprisonment,

receive up to thirty-nine lashes

whipping, and being sold into slavery if such person does not leave the state within specified time frames

• For any slave to be present on any plantation without permission, unless sent on lawful business

• For any person to attempt to teach any free person of color or any slave to spell, read, or write

• For any slave to carry any weapon unless ordered to do so by their owner or overseer to take it from one place

• For any "free negro or person of color" to associate

to another

with slaves without the owner's permission

• For any master, mistress, or overseer to permit any • For any slave or free person of color to "preach to, slave not belonging to him or her to remain on their

exhort, or harangue" any slave or slaves, except "in the

property for more than four hours at a time, or five or presence of five respectable slave-holders"

more such slaves for any amount of time

• For less than two-thirds of the jury in any trial of a slave

• For five or more slaves, with or without passes, to

to be composed of slave owners

assemble anywhere off the "proper plantation where

The Trail of Broken Treaties

An American Indian Protest campaign in the 1970’s.The demand for land by the growing white-population and by white land speculators led to displacement of the Indian people from the “promised lands.”

This system was deceptive to Indian people because:

• Indian nations generally had a system of common ownership of land, not giving up their land,

• Indian people generally signed treaties in good faith, expecting them to be kept (word was enough).

Early Contact - Native Americans

Three major national groups of Europeans-Spanish, French, and British-were involved in the conquest and settlement of North America by whites.

• Spanish

  • Cam mainly to seek wealth and secondary to convert souls to Christianity

• Catholic French

  • Uninterested in settling land - Interested in trading

  • Viewed the Indians as fellow human beings and felt oblogated to bring the message of Christianity.

• British

  • Wanted to settle land

  • The relationship changed to conflict and led to the conquest of the Native Americans by the Europeans

Birth of a Nation

Movie made in the 1915

Showcased “Anti miscegenation”

Hero: KKK - “protects” the white woman

Villain: Black males - “Black Beasts” - want white woman

Guess who’s coming to dinner

Movie made in 1967

First movie to showcase a black and white relationship

Black male and White woman

Dr. John Prentice

Character within G.W.C.T.D: An educated black man that is wanting to marry a white woman (Joey) \

Portrayed as a SAINT: in order to have nothing for people to object to either than the color of his skin

• Characteristics:

  • Educated

    • Medical Doctor

    • Works for the World Health Organization

    • Professor

  • Morality

    • Wanted to wait till marriage to be with Joyce (worried she would get hurt)

    • Previously married

      • family man

  • 37

Narrowcasting

The targeting of a specific racial or ethnic groups with television programs supposedly designed to speak to those groups unique needs and life styles.

Highbrow culture

The collection of art forms associated with upper-class state and lifestyle

Lowbrow culture/popular culture

the collection of art forms that are considered ordinary and associated with lifestyles of “the masses.”

Cultural appropriation

When members of one ethnic or racial group adopt a cultural product associated with another.

Enlightened racism

The idea that the United States is a land of oppurtutnity and that African Americans could do better if they only tried harder.

The black athlete

Seemingly positive image of African Americans protracted in media today.

The portrayal points out that media portray black and white athletes quite differently.

Mammy

Stereotypical image of a black maid

Sapphire

Caricature of an angry black woman

Jezebel

Signify’s an oversexed or hyper sexual black woman.

Percentage of races seen as articulate on television (2010 study)

• no Latinos

• 25% of blacks

• 30% of whites

Percentage of races seen as intelligent on television (2010 study)

• Half of all African American actors

• 43% oh whites

• 27% of latinos

Percentage of races seen as immoral on television (2010 study)

• 2% of white actors

• 9% African Americans

• 18% of Latinos

Percentage of races seen as despicable on television (2010 study)

• 3% of whites

• 9% African Americans

• 18% of Latinos

Stereotypes latino men face

• Gangbanger

• Bandit

• drug trafficker

• police officer

• janitor

• gardener

• Latin lover

Cantina Girl

Stereotype: for Latino Women

• Great sexual allure

• Behaving in an alluring fashion

• Represented as a sexual object - “a naughty lady of easy virtue”

Suffering Señorita

Stereotype for Latino Women

This woman usually starts out as good but goes bad by the middle of the film or television program. She realizes she has gone wrong is is willing to protect here anglo love interest by placing her body in the way of violence intended for him.

Vamp

Stereotype for Latino Women

User her intellectual and devious sexual wiles to get what she wants. She often influences men toward violence and enjoyed doing so. Sh is psychological menace to males who are ill equipped to handle her.

Portrayals of Arabs and Arab Americans on television

Usually seen of “foreign”

• Men

  • terrorists

  • billionaires

• Women

  • Veiled

  • Exotic figures

• In Peruvian Television

  • Women

    • half-naked

    • belly-dancing sirens

    • In Arab countries:

      • victims of sexism and religious oppression

  • Men

    • Turbaned

    • sinister terrorist

    • immoral billionaire

Portrayals of Asians and Asian Americans on television

• Between 1950-1990

  • Men

    • Foreign

    • Sinister

    • Unidimensional

    • effeminate characters

    • In US: asexual

  • Women

    • In US: hyper-sexual

• In Peruvian Television

  • Corrupt businessman

  • Skilled martial artists

  • Biracial buddy

Dragon Lady

Stereotype for Asian Women

Sinister, crafty, and destructive seductress.

Butterfly

Stereotype for Asian Women

Demure, submissive wife who is eager to please whites and men in general

Portrayals of Native Americans

• Early years of the US

  • often seen as savages

• Over time

  • the “captivity narrative” - women and children were captured by savage natives became a staple in American fiction

• Other portrayals - Men

  • Wise man

    • Stoic

    • far from a sex object

  • Medicine man

  • Object of white someones illicit lust

  • Often nearly naked

• Other portrayals Wise man- Women

  • American Indian princess

  • Lustful savage

  • Squaw

• Survey on Stereotypes on television (2012)

  • Shamans

  • wise men

  • sidekicks

  • Indian princesses

  • matriarchs

Squaw

Portrayal of nativeAmerican Women

Sex indiscriminately with both whites and Indians

Racial stereotypes in Films

• Asian men

  • threatenin foreigners

  • Americanizes detectives

  • laundrymen

• African Americans

  • mammies

  • loyal slaves

  • brutes

  • violent men

• Latinas

  • sexualized

  • executive Mexican dancer

• Latinos

  • Bandidos

  • Latin lovers

Biracial Buddy

A Westernized Asian man who uses ancient Japanese or Chinese knowledge to help whites.

New Media Representations - Video Games

• Latinos

  • Overrepresented in sports games

• Asians

  • Mostly portrayed in fighting games

• Arabs

  • Portrayed at targets if violence

• Blacks

  • Thugs

  • Athletes

  • Gun-toting figures

Negro Mama (Black Sucker)

Racial stereotype sown in Peruvian Television

From a show called Humor Special

Played by a white man-Jorge Benavides-wearing blackface and a prosthetic enlarged nose and lips. From humble origins, show makes fun of her lack of social and intellectual acumen.

La Paisana Jacinto (Jacinto the Peasant)

Racial stereotype sown in Peruvian Television

From a show called Humor Special

Stereotypical representation of an Andean woman who has migrated to Lima in search of economic betterment. Show pokes fun at her gullibility and lack of social skills.

New Media Representation - Social Media

• Native Americans

  • Played central roles and were depicted as both modern members of courtyard and active agents against discrimination

  • Study found:

    • Users preferred videos that share to stereotypical depictions of Native Americans: wise elder, doomed warrior

    • Viewers also favored videos that countered stereotypes and offered accurate depictions of Native American tribal diversity and activism

• African Americans

  • “Successful black guy” meme

    • Shows an image of a well-dressed light skinned handsome African American with a message that the first triggers a stereotypical reaction and then changes course to show that the man is saying something harmless.

New racism

“the juxtaposition of old and new-in some cases, a continuation of long-standing practices of racial rule and, in other cases, the development of something original. The new racism reflects sedimented or past-in-present racial formation from prior historical periods.” -Hill Collins

Controlling images

Stereotypical representations/images that shape how people in the US view one another.

Ex:

• Modern-day representations of African Americans as thugs and whores

• Representing Latinos as gangbangers and gardeners

How we can react to Raced, Classed, and Gendered Media Images (controlling images)

1. Internalize them and accept them as reality

2. Resist them and develop our own ideas about black masculinity and femininity

3. Ignore them

Raced and Classed Categories of Black Representation on Televisions

	Working-Class	Middle-Class
Women	BITCH: Aggressive, loud, rude, and pushy BAD BITCH: Materialistic, sexualized; iconized in hip-hop culture; modern version of the Jezebel BAD BLACK MOTHER: (BBM): Mother who neglects her children; characterized by bad values; welfare queen FEMALE ATHLETE: Feminized; focuses on the family; lesbianism erased	MODERN MAMMY: Loyal female servant; focuses on work and subservience to white male boss BLACK LADY: Designed to counter images of black women's promiscuity; focuses on the home (ex: Clair Huxtable) EDUCATED BLACK BITCH: Has money, power, and job; is beautiful; success depends on her being tamed by men
Men	ATHLETE: Physically strong; harsh temper; needs to be controlled by coaches THUG OR GANGSTA: Inherently physical and, unlike the athlete, his physicality is neither admired nor easily exploited for white gain BLACK PIMP: Involved in illegal activity; hustler; uses women for economic gain; refuses to work; promiscuous BLACK RAPIST: Hypersexual, desirous of white women	SIDEKICK: Black buddy in service to whites; origins lie in Uncle Tom; loyal to whites; asexual, nonvio-lent, safe, nonthreatening (ex: Cliff Huxtable, Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods) SISSY: Effeminate and derogated black masculinity: gay characteristics, a queen; reinforces heterosexuality of others

Prominent gendered Stereotypes by Racial/Ethnic Group

	Men	Women
Arabs	Terrorist  Immoral billionaire  Haggle	Veiled victim  Exoctic seductress  Maiden
Native Americans	Savage  Sidekick Wise elder  Doomed warrior	Squaw  Princess Matriarch
Latinos/as	Latin lover  Greaser/bandito  Gangbanger  Gardener  Buffoon	Hot-blooded Latina  Maid  Abuela (grandma)  Mexican spitfire
Asians	Buddy  Threatening foreigner  Martial artist  Corrupt businessman	Butterfly  Dragon Lady

Flip (Fillip Carter)

• Actor

• Borderline asshole

• Homophobe

Xavier Moore - X

• Film student - in Film school

• Was filming the Million Man March plus the drive up there

  • Wanted to showcase news regarding black men that didn’t have the 4 r’s in it

4 R’s

• Rape

• Rap

• Riot

• Rob

Gary Rivers

• Biracial - White mom, Black dad

  • Dad was a cop and was murdered by a black man (a “brother”)

• Cop

• Believed people were good or bad

• Wanted to throw Jamal into jail

Kyle

• Republican

• Gay (was closeted - outed by Randall)

• Originally with Randal - split up and became friends within the movie

• Served in the marine corps for 10 years

• Stereotype: sexuality

  • Be a “man” - admit your gay, take flip head on

  • Fight with flip: every punch was for a gay guy

Randal Royal

• Gay

• Originally with Kyle - split up and became friends within the movie

Jamal

• Faith involved

• Works with kids at risk

• Use to be in a gang - Killed lots of people

• Stereotype: Gangbanger

Jeremiah/Pop

• Older man

• Worked 33 years with a company

  • Got fired twice

• Carried a drum with him

• Became an alcoholic and lost his family after he lost his job

• Stereotype: Success stories

  • Was successful then lost everything

Jay

• Business owner

  • Black Bubble gum company

Evan Sr.

• Ran away from his family

• Father to Evan Jr. (smooth)

• Stereotype: Dead Beat Dad

Smooth (Evan Jr.)

• Had a court order - was restrained to dad

  • Court order: Stealing from a gas station

• Kid of Evan Sr.

• Stereotype: Gangbanger

Rick

• White driver

• Jewish

• Decided to stop driving because he was “uncomfortable”

• Stereotype: “Color-blind”