FNR 201: Exam 3

What did modern reptiles evolve from?

marine fishes

What are the modern reptiles?

1) crocodilians
2) turtles
3) lizards
4) snakes

Reptiles adapted to ______ first then returned to ________.

land, sea

What is the key evolutionary step to reptile success?

the amniotic egg

What do eggs contian?

1) amnion
2) yolk sac
3) allantois
4) chorion

What is amnion?

liquid filled sac where embryo developes.

What is the yolk sac?

yolk storage (food)

What is allantois?

waste storage & disposal

What is chorion?

membrane lining shell that allows gas exchange

What are the advantages for the amniotic egg?

1) longer development eliminated larval stage. (increases juvenile survival)
2) aquatic predators avoided (eggs laid on land)
3) internal fertilization required before hard shell is formed. (evolution of copulatory organs)

What is the circulatory system like in reptiles?

circulation through the lungs

Reptiles _____ are efficient in eliminating wastes while conserving water.

kidneys

The kidneys in reptiles allows _______ in both dry regions & the salty ocean.

habitation

What are the skin adaptations of reptiles?

1) sales cover skin
2) glands absent
3) both decrease water loss in marine environments.

How many species of crocodilians are there?

24 species

How many crocodilians species are frequent to marine environments?

3 species

What is the name of the saltwater crocodile?

Crocodylus porosus

What is the largest living reptile?

crocodiles

How long do the adult male crocodiles get?

6-7 m long

Crocodiles feed mainly on _________?

fish

Do crocodiles drink salt water/

yes

________ on a crocodiles tongue eliminate excess salt.

glands

Where do crocodiles live?

along shores

When do female crocodiles reach sexual maturity?

10-12 years of age

When do male crocodiles reach sexual maturity?

16 years of age

_________ nests contain 40-60 eggs

eleveated

What is the incubation period for crocodile eggs?

90 days

How is the sex of the young in crocodiles determined?

by nest temperature.

crocodiles communicate with ________ & _______.

calls & barks

Crocodiles have good ____________ skills, which helps the return home after being displaced for a long period of time.

navigational

How many species of sea turtles are there?

7 species

The sea turtles _________ is fused to there skeleton.

protective shell

What composes the outer layer of the sea turtle shell?

keratin

The sea turtle shell has a ______ layer attached to their vertabrae and ribs.

boney

What is the carapace?

the dorsal surface of the sea turtle shell.

What is the plastorn?

the ventral surface of a sea turtles shell.

The leatherback turtle lacks __________.

Shell

The seat turtle shell is _____________, ____________, & reduced in ___________ & _______.

flattened, streamlined, size & weight

Sea turtle have large __________ deposits beneath the skin.

fatty

Sea turtles have light, _______ bones.

spongey

__________ are modified into large flippers on sea turtle.

front limbs

________ are paddle shaped & used for steering & digging nests in sea turtles.

back limbs

Sea turtles have __________ above their eye to eliminate excess salt.

salt glands

Sea turtles need to _________ to breath air.

surface

How long can a sea turtle be submerged before they need to breath air?

3 hours.

Sea turtles alternate between ________ & _________ during the day.

feeding & resting

Where do sea turtles sleep?

on the bottom under rocks or corals.

Where do leatherback turtles sleep?

ocean surface.

Sea turtles are _________ & ____________ when it comes to food.

carnivorous & omnivorous.

Leatherback turtles eat what?

jellyfish

hawksbill turtles eat what?

sponges

green turtles eat what?

algae

Sea turtles can migrate up to _________ of kilometers.

1000's

Female sea turtles return to ________ where they where born.

beaches

Where do sea turtles find there home?

smell, taste or sound
earth's magnetic field
sun

Where do sea turtles mate?

at sea

male sea turtles ______ females before mating

court

Why do female sea turtles dig shallow pits on the beach?

to dig.

Single female sea turtles lay _________ in one season.

multiple clutches

How long does it take for sea turtle incubation?

60 days.

What determines development time and sex ratio in sea turtles eggs?

temperature

Sea turtle eggs hatch at the same ________?

time

What do baby sea turtles do when they are born?

rush for the ocean

Why are sea turtles endangered?

- beach erosion/ alternation
- artificial lighting (near nesting areas)
- fishing nets
- hunted by humans
- eggs are eaten by predators on the beach.

What is the only marine lizard?

the marine iguana of the Galapagos Islands off of Ecudaor

What color are the marine iguana

mostly black, some can be mottled red and black

On marine iguana what does dark coloration affect?

the increase in heat absorption

Where do marine iguana feed?

cold pacific waters

What allows for marine iguana to be able to feed in cold pacific waters?

- raising body temperature

Marine iguana have few natural preadators but they are vulnerable to what?

feral predators like rats, dogs, and cats.

Are marine iguana herbivores or carnivores?

herbivores

Marine iguanas have a short, heavy _______?

snout

Marine iguanas are adapted to feed on ________ _________.

marine alage

Marine iguanas have ____________ & __________ glands.

tear & nasal glands

What do the specialized tear and nasal glands do in Marine iguanas?

excrete excess salt from seawater.

Each male marine iguana occupies what with 1-2 females.

small territory

What do marine iguanas do when an intruder enters their territory?

attack

How many families are there of sea snakes?

5 families

How many species are there of sea snakes?

65 species

Sea snakes are most evolved from ___________ land snakes.

australian

Where do sea snakes live?

shallow, tropical costal waters

How many sea snake species live in the open ocean.

1 species

What are sea snake scales like?

they are reduced or absent for streamlining

What shape of tail does a sea snake have?

paddle shaped

Sea snake have ________ in their nostrils to stop water from entering.

Valves

The sea snakes have a _________ lung that reaches the tail.

single

Sea snakes are _________ breathers.

air

Sea snakes use skin for __________ exchange.

oxygen

What do sea snakes eat?

fish, fish eggs & eels

Sea snakes ambush there prey with _________ fangs.

venomous

Sea snakes have -_________ glands on their tongue

salt excreting

Sea snake reproduction in _____________.

ovoviviparous

What is the gestation period for sea snakes?

4-11 months
young can swim at birth

The white shark had what type of caudal fin?

heterocercal

What type of caudal fin does a red snapper have?

homocercal

Fishes from the sub class Elasmobranchi of class Chondrichthyes that have flattened bodies, reduced dorsal and caudal fins, eyes on the top of their head, and a NO SPINES are referred to as:

skates

A term used to describe female fish who produce eggs that are retained in their uterus is:

ovoviviparity

T or F: fish of the class chondrichthyes are highly fecund, and produce thousands of offspring throughout their lifetime.

false

T or F: Osmoregulation refers to the process by which organisms maintain a proper concentration of solutes and water in body fluids.

true

The scales are thin, round and have an outer edge of teeth. they are commonly found in perch like boney fish.

Ctenoid
fish ex: bass