Intro to Crim Exam 1

Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that all members of society consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless?

Consensus View of Crime

To be truly ethical, criminological research must have social value to research participants rather than simply doing no harm.

True

The _______ prospective on criminology utilizes situational forces and that crime is a function of free will.

Classical

Which of the following describes critical criminology?

The view that crime is a product of the unfair economic structure of the United States

The view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society is known as _______.

Social Process Theory

Criminologists should be ethical in their research because _______.

The lives of millions of people may be influenced by their research

Which of the following is a definition of crime that integrates various concepts of crime?

Crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by the criminal law, which reflects public opinion, traditional values, and the viewpoint of people currently holding social and political power

The _______ school of criminology stems from the social and political unrest of the 1960s.

Critical

The _______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.

Chicago School

Which of the following is not a legitimate social goal of the criminal law?

Encouraging Revenge

Not only should criminological research do no harm to subjects, but this research should also _______.

Be empowering and directly useful to research subjects

The _______ view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation.

Conflict

The study of _______ involves efforts to control crime through the correction of people who commit criminal offenses.

Penology

The _______ view of criminology often compares and contrasts the harsh penalties exacted on those in the lowest income brackets for their “street crimes” (burglary, robbery, and larceny) with the minor penalties those in the uppermost income brackets receive for their white-collar crimes.

Conflict

Developmental criminologists trace criminal careers over the life course.

True

The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the _______ of criminal behavior.

Nature, Extent, Cause, and Control

A relapse into criminal behavior after apprehension, conviction, and correction for a previous crime is known as _______.

Recidivism

Not all crimes are deviant, and not all deviant acts are criminal.

True

Over the past decades, it has been shown that criminological research has been influenced by government funding linked to topics the government wants researched and topics the government wishes to avoid.

True

_______ is the study of the victim’s role in criminal events.

Victimology

Rehabilitation is the current sentencing approach taken to deal with chronic offenders.

False

The consequence of a lack of income and other resources, which cumulatively leads to poverty, is known as _______.

Resource Deprivation

People living in poverty are believed to engage in disproportionate amounts of _______ crimes, such as rape and assault, as a result of their rage, anger, and frustration against society.

Expressive

Chronic offenders eventually age out of crime.

False

How does today’s violent crime rate compare to the violent crime rate in 1991?

Today’s violent crime rate has decreased by nearly 50 percent

As the number of guns in the population increases, so do violent crime rates.

True

Among young people, the commission of crime is primarily a group activity.

True

UCR data associate social class with crime, indicating higher crime rates in low-income, high-poverty areas. An alternative explanation for the association between social class and crime is _______, not actual criminal behavior patterns.

Law Enforcement Practices

Crime peaks in adolescence and then declines rapidly thereafter.

True

The _______ shortcoming in the UCR is addressed by the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Nonreporting Issue

Property crime rates have declined in recent years, dropping more than 10 percent during the past decade.

True

Crime rates are highest during the months of _______.

July and August

The National Crime Victimization Survey addresses the nonreporting of crime issue inherent in the UCR.

True

Research shows women are less likely to commit crimes than are men.

True

Which region of the United States has the highest crime rates?

South

The UCR contains data on Part I and Part II crimes. Which of the following is not a Part I crime?

Hate Crime

The _______ was the result of a five-year redesign effort to provide more comprehensive and detailed crime statistics than just the UCR.

National Incidence-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Referring to the ecology of crime, which of the following settings has the highest violent crime rate?

An Urban Area in the South

Who has become a central focus of crime control policy?

Chronic Offenders

Crimes are _______ in two ways: (1) when at least one person is arrested, charged, and turned over to the court for prosecution; or (2) by exceptional means, when some element beyond police control precludes the physical arrest of an offender.

Cleared

Why are schools the locale of a great deal of victimization?

Because Schools are Populated by Teen Males

Women in college face the risk of sexual assault at a higher rate than women in the general population.

True

Until about 50 years ago, crime victims were viewed by criminologists as passive targets who were considered to be in the wrong place at the wrong time.

True

Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers that are designed to produce restitution agreements are called _______ programs.

Victim-Offender Reconciliation

Households that have experienced victimization in the past are the least likely to experience victimization again in the future.

False

Counselors who help victims to understand the operations of the criminal justice system, who guide victims through the justice process, and who may provide transportation to and from court are called victim _______.

Advocates

Reconciliation programs are based on the concept of restorative justice.

True

People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost _______ than that of city dwellers.

50 Percent Lower

Research on males and females indicates a strong association between victimization and which personality characteristic?

Impulsivity

The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called _______.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

According to routine activities theory, which of the following is considered a motivated offender?

Those Addicted to Drugs

What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?

Passive Precipitation

The poorest Americans are also the most likely victims of violent and property crimes.

True

Research shows that children repeatedly victimized before the age of 12 are the ones most susceptible to a number of physical and mental health issues, smoking, and homelessness.

True

Referencing the social ecology of victimization, in general, where is a violent crime more likely to take place?

In a Park

According to deviant place theory, the greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more likely people will become victims of crime and violence. Which factor does not characterize a deviant/dangerous place?

A Neighborhood With Educational Properties

Emergency counseling for crime victims is often referred to as crisis intervention.

True

Gender affects victimization risk. Which of the following is a significant gender difference?

Women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know

Which victimization theory promotes that victimization risk is related to neighborhood crime rates?

Deviant Place

The most controversial element of the victims’ rights movement is the _______.

Development of Offender Registration Laws