UCSP - 2nd Quarter Lesson 6 to 9

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

organized sets of elements such as beliefs, rules, practices, and relationships that exists to attain social order– refers to well-established and structured relationships between groups of people that are considered fundamental components of a society's culture

INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH

tells us that social institutions are ordered sets of rules, norms, beliefs, or values that organize human behavior

RELATIONAL APPROACH

focuses on social relations rather than rules, norms, beliefs, or values

THE FAMILY, EDUCATION, HEALTH, ECONOMY, RELIGION

examples of social institutions

FAMILY

considered a vital social institution that nurtures offspring from childhood to adulthood–Aristotle viewed it as arising from man’s desire for legacy, while in the Philippines, the 1987 Constitution recognizes it as the foundation of the nation–a group of people related by blood, marriage, or shared residence

NUCLEAR FAMILY

immediate family composed of parents and children

EXTENDED FAMILY

includes the nuclear family plus relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

RECONSTITUTED FAMILY

spouses and their children from a previous marriage

SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY

one parent, either father or mother, raising children and providing financial, emotional, and basic support

GRANDPARENT FAMILY

grandparents take on the role of parenting and nurturing the children

KINSHIP

social structure defined by relations among individuals linked by blood or marriage ties–influences social status in many societies

MATRILINEAL, PATRILINEAL, BILINEAL

kinship ties based on descent can either be

MATRILINEAL KINSHIP

descent based on the female line

PATRILINEAL KINSHIP

descent based on the male line

BILINEAL KINSHIP

descent based on both male and female lines

MARRIAGE

formally recognized union of a man and a woman–can be monogamous or polygamous

MONOGAMOUS

one spouse only

POLYGAMOUS

more than one spouse

POLYGYNY, POLYANDRY

type of polygamy

POLYGYNY

a husband with many wives

POLYANDRY

a wife with many husbands, practiced in ancient India

ENDOGAMY, EXOGAMY

marriage across culture

ENDOGAMY

marriage within one’s community, social, or religious group

EXOGAMY

marriage outside one’s group, community, or social class

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

ensure functional literacy and may be provided by the state or private entities–ideally, basic education is free, and in some countries like Germany, tertiary education is also free

HEALTH INSTITUTIONS

established to ensure public health and provide universal services–western health systems rely on standardized science-based practices, while traditional systems use natural methods and address culture-specific illnesses

BINAT

recurrence of disease symptoms due to incomplete healing, requiring rest for recovery

PASMA

trembling of hands or fingers caused by sudden exposure of the body from hot to cold conditions

ECONOMY

addresses questions on production, distribution, and consumption of resources–liberal economists favor market self-regulation (Adam Smith), while socialists argue that the bourgeoisie dominate and exploit the proletariat in free-market systems

MARKET FAILURE

occurs when the market becomes inefficient due to imperfect competition, information, or mobility

RELIGION

institution involving beliefs and practices that guide members’ behavior–organized as a church (universal membership, aligned with society) or a sect (exclusive, often challenges norms)

MONOTHEISM

belief in one god (e.g., Christianity, Judaism, Islam)

POLYTHEISM

belief in many gods (e.g., Hinduism)

ANIMISM

belief system that ascribes spiritual essence to animate and inanimate objects (e.g., rocks, plants, lakes), seen in Shintoism and Jainism

THEOCRACIES

state government under the power of religious leaders

POLITICS

activities through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live– involves conflict resolution, cooperation, and the exercise of power

POWER

ability to do something to achieve a desired outcome–enables a person to control others or make them act against their will

AUTHORITY

legitimate power–the right to exercise power, where people obey because the leader is recognized as rightful and legitimate

LEGITIMACY

from the Latin legitimare meaning "to declare lawful"–broadly defined as rightfulness

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY, CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY, LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY

max weber, 3 types of authority

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

based on systems believed to have always existed–often inherited or passed down (e.g., elders in tribes, monarchs)

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

based on extraordinary qualities or leadership charisma–seen as born leaders or heroes, sometimes manufactured through propaganda

LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY

based on written rules and laws–leaders gain authority through procedures like elections or appointments (e.g., presidents, prime ministers)–considered the most stable among the three types

POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

groups within a culture responsible for public decision-making, leadership, social cohesion, protection of group rights, and safety from external threats

POLITICAL LIBERATION

emergence of liberal-democratic regimes with representative democracy–leaders chosen through competitive elections, supported by institutions like political parties, principles of political equality, and legally-based leadership (common in European societies)

POLITICAL CULTURE

pattern of orientation to political objects such as parties, government, and constitution, expressed through beliefs, symbols, and values–formed through political socialization

CLIENTELISTIC BEHAVIOR

observed in democratic elections where voters choose candidates based on personal ties or benefits received, such as medical assistance, jobs, or scholarships–common in some areas of the Philippines

POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE

evolved over time from simple bands, tribes, and chiefdoms to modern nation-states–early societies like bands and tribes were dominated by personal and familial ties, often composed of families and clans

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

refers to the division of large social groups into smaller groups based on categories determined by economics– members of the society are arranged in a hierarchy based on their access to or control over basic economic resources– common bases include wealth, property, access to material and cultural goods, and access to political power

SOCIAL EXCLUSION

process by which individuals are cut off from full involvement in the wider circles of society– poor housing, lack of employment, inferior schools, or limited transportation, may lack opportunities for self-improvement

CLOSED SYSTEMS, OPEN SYSTEM

2 primary systems of stratification

CLOSED SYSTEMS

impose rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among members who belong to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy– resistant to change, particularly in the social roles of its members

CASTE SYSTEM

closed stratification systems because people are unable to change their social standing– promote belief in fate, destiny, and the will of a higher spiritual power rather than the promotion of individual freedom– people born into a caste society are socialized to accept their social standing

OPEN SYSTEM

based on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social roles, increased social mobility, and better interaction among social groups and classes

MERITOCRACY

another system of stratification that is determined by personal effort and merit– social standing and advancement in this system is determined by how well a person performs his or her social role

FUNCTIONALISM

the functionalist perspective examines how the different aspects of society contribute to ensuring its stability and continued function– believes each part of society serves an important purpose and that social stratification is based on the intrinsic value of social activities or roles

DAVIS-MOORE HYPOTHESIS

introduced by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore in 1945– proposes that social roles with greater functional purpose result in greater reward, and stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different types of work

STRATIFICATION

highly demanding jobs requiring more skills can only be performed by a few individuals– highly skilled and rewarded workers (e.g., doctors, engineers) are few and occupy higher positions in the social hierarchy– less demanding jobs (e.g., office workers) require minimal training and are performed by the majority in society

CONFLICT THEORY

takes a critical view of social stratification and considers society as benefitting only a small segment– believes stratification perpetuates inequality– ideas are drawn from the works of Karl Marx

KARL MARX’S VIEW ON STRATIFICATION

believed that social stratification is influenced by economic forces and that relationships in society are defined by the factors of production– society is divided between two groups: the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

views social stratification as leading people to interact with others within their own social class– groups people together based on background, interests, and way of life– appearance reflects perceived social standing through housing, clothing, transportation, hairstyles, taste in food, music, accessories, and personal style

THEORY OF CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION

refers to buying certain products to make a social statement about status

SOCIAL MOBILITY

ability of individuals or groups to change their positions within a social stratification system– refers to how individuals progress from a lower to a higher social class, or even how individuals lose their status and occupy a much lower social position in society– major factor that influences mobility is economic status, particularly the accumulation of wealth

UPWARD MOBILITY, DOWNWARD MOBILITY

2 main types of social mobility

UPWARD MOBILITY

an upward movement in social class– people who gain wealth or rise to fame or power like politicians and celebrities

DOWNWARD MOBILITY

the lowering of an individual's social class– economic setbacks, unemployment, illness, or dropping out of school

INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY

focuses on the experience of people who belong to the same generation

INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY

changes in social standing experienced by individuals belonging to different generations

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

social divisions reflect an unequal distribution of status, wealth, and power within society and result in individuals and groups occupying different positions of influence and power– may be expressed differently from society to society but is often seen in distinctions in class, gender, religion, ethnicity, and age

SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND POVERTY AND POVERTY

warner, meeker, and eels suggested that class is influenced by cultural factors such as lifestyle and consumption patterns– lifestyle choices have increasingly defined individual identities and are a growing basis for social prestige apart from occupation and wealth

ABSOLUTE POVERTY, RELATIVE POVERTY, SUBJECTIVE POVERTY

3 types of poverty

ABSOLUTE POVERTY

lack of basic resources like food, clean water, safe housing, and access to health care needed to maintain a quality lifestyle

RELATIVE POVERTY

applies to those who may be able to obtain basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living compared to the rest of society

SUBJECTIVE POVERTY

defined by how an individual evaluates his or her actual income against his or her expectations and perceptions

GENDER INEQUALITY

another important aspect of social inequality– gender refers to the culturally imposed characteristics that define masculinity and femininity, it is different from sex, which refers to biological and anatomical differences that distinguish males from females– sex is an unchanging aspect of a person's identity while gender, being a social construct, is a fluid concept that changes depending on the mores, norms, and values espoused by a particular society

GENDER ROLE

specific tasks and behaviors expected of a person by virtue of his or her sex

GENDER IDENTITY

how a person identifies himself or herself as belonging to a particular gender

LIBERAL FEMINISTS

believes that sexism and discrimination can be countered by political, social, and economic reforms like giving equal access to both men and women

RADICAL FEMINISTS

argues that men are responsible for the exploitation of women through patriarchy

BLACK FEMINISM

identifies factors such as class and ethnicity, in addition to gender, as essential for understanding the oppression experienced by non-white women

ETHNICITY

the feeling of affinity or loyalty towards a particular population, cultural group, or territorial area

RACE

refers to a group of people who share a common ancestry– points to physical or genetic differences among humankind that distinguish one group of people from another, such as skin and hair color, physique, and facial features

RACISM

refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group

DISPLACEMENT AND SCAPEGOATING

psychological mechanisms associated with prejudice and discrimination

PREJUDICE

involves holding "stereotypes" or preconceived views that are often based on faulty generalizations about members of a race or particular ethnic or other groups

DISCRIMINATION

refers to actions or behavior of members of a dominant social group that negatively impacts other members of society that do not belong to the dominant group

SOCIAL CHANGE

transformations that alter the roles and status of people as well as the structure and organization of society and its institutions

CULTURAL CHANGE

much broader and of which social change is an integral part– refers to the dynamic process where the living cultures of the world change and adapt to external or internal forces

DIGITAL AGE

brought about a technological revolution that paved the way for the emergence of social media and various online platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter– these developments forever changed the way people acquired information, communicated, and shared experiences

NARROWCASTING

described by Jessica Matthews as the dissemination of information to specific segments of the public via a shared source, primarily online social platforms

BROADCASTING

uses television and the radio to disseminate information to a broad audience

INNOVATION

process of introducing new ideas, things, and methods in society– entails the improvement of things and processes and is primarily driven by technological changes

DIFFUSION

refers to the spread of certain elements from one group to another in society– once an idea, thing, or process is introduced and becomes widely known and accepted in society, greater transformations happen in society

POLITICAL CHANGE

occurs when there is an alteration in the way authority is exercised in a particular state– entails a shift in the relationship between those who govern and those who are governed– several changes may happen within political institutions and processes and the social groups and classes they have power over