unit 9 AP psych

achievement motivation

the need or desire for achievement/excellence

social psych

the study of how individual or group behavior is influenced by the presence and behavior of others

conformity

The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms. The most common form of social influence. A certain amount is peaceful to coexist peacefully

Matching hypothesis

States that people have a tendency to choose partners whose level of attractiveness they believe to be equal to their own

Social Dilemma

A situation in which a self interested choice by everyone will create the worst possible outcome for everyone

Solomon Asch

Study on how peoples beliefs affect the beliefs of others. investigated the extent to which social pressure from a group could affect a person to conform. Participants in the experiments conformed to the majority a third of the time.

Solomon asch experiment results

about one-third (32%) of the participants conformed, 75% of the participants conformed at least once

normative conformity

The influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant

informational conformity

occurs when someone lacks knowledge and looks to a group for guidance

informational influence

Influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgements. Walking with people that you believe are going to the same class as you

Stanley Milgram Experiment

measured the willingness of participants to obey an authority figure, 3 roles in the experiment: experimenter, teacher, and learner.

stanley milgram experiment results (the obedient participant)

65% (26 out of 40) experiment participants administered the experiment's final 450-volt shock, no participant refused to administer shocks before 300-volts

social facilitation theory

a phenomenon where people show increased levels of effort and performance when in the presence of others—whether it be real, imagined, implied or virtual—compared to their effort and performance levels when they are alone.

social impairment

if it's a difficult task or ur not very good at it, you'll perform worse in front of a group

Triplett

studied the effect of competition on performance; individuals perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others than when alone

social loafing

the tendency for ppl to put in less effort in a group setting

groupthink

group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group, they are more concerned with group harmony and wi

group polarization

the exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion. Extreme ideas seem less risky, People want to be unique and have opinions that differ from others, which could lead to more extreme views on a certain subject taking hold

in group

your team, one you identify with

out group

everyone else

contact theory

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, if they are made to work towards a common goal

Robbers Cave Experiment

Teaches a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing the competition and enhancing cooperation

stereotype

overgeneralized idea about a group of people

prejudice

an undeserved (usually negative) attitude toward a group of people

discrimination

an action based on a prejudice

mere exposure effect

a phenomenon where consistent exposur

Similarity

The more similar two people are in attitudes backgrounds and other traits the more probable it is they’re going to like each other. The more you like someone the longer the liking endures

5 factors of attraction

proximity, reciprocal liking, similarity, liking through association, physical attractiveness

Reciprocity

social expectation in which we feel pressured to help others if they have already done something for us

reciprocity of liking

tendency of people to like other people who like them in return

robin's love scale

13 item questionnaire that has 3 components, which are attachment, caring, and intimacy

attachment

the need to be cared for and be with the other person

caring

valuing the other person's happiness and needs as much as ur own

intimacy

sharing private thoughts, feelings, and desires with the other person, emotional component in the triangular theory of love

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

love has 3 elements: passion, intimacy, and commitment

passion

motivational component, fuels romantic feelings, sexual desire, and attraction

commitment

thinking/cognitive component, conscious decision to love one another and work thru difficulties

attitudes

a set of beliefs and feelings (can be pos., neg., or neutral)

central route of persuasion

logic and argument

peripheral route of persuasion

indirect, good looking people, etc.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

ask for smth small first, and then smth big

door-in-the-face phenomenon

ask for smth big first, and then smth small

cognitive dissonance theiry

ppl don't want to have consistent attitudes and behaviors, when they are not, they experience dissonance (unpleasant tension)

Festinger and Carlsmith

These two psychologists conducted a study where after completing a boring task some participants were paid $1 and others were paid $20 to convince others waiting to do the same task that it was fun and interesting. Those paid $1 rated it as interesting while the group that was paid $20 rated the task no differently than a control group.

altruism

the unselfish regard for the welfare of others

bystander effect

the tendency for ppl to less likely help someone if there are others present (diffusion of responsibility)

social exchange theory

our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

diffusion of responsibility

a phenomenon where when the responsibility for something is given to a group of people, the feeling of responsibility is diffused throughout the group, resulting in each member feeling less responsible for the original task

just world phenomenon

bad things will happen to bad people and good things will happen to good people

attribution theory

tries to explain how people determine the cause of the behavior they observe

dispositional attribution

people do things because of who they are

situational attribution

people do things because of the situation they are in

attribution error

defaulting to disposition when in reality it is situational

prisoner's dilemma

A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party G

relative deprivation

the feeling that we are worse off than others (winning $1000 when everyone else won $500 feels better than winning $5000 when everyone else won $10000)

chameleon effect

the tendency for people to unconsciously mimic other people's behavior. It serves an important function. Pace, posture, mannerisms, facial expressions, tone, accents, and speech

social trap

a situation in which if two parties act in their own self interest instead of the groups, the outcome is worse than if they worked for the groups interest (ex: prisoner's dilemma)

ethnocentrism

judging other cultures from the standards of one's own culture (ex: john, who comes from an individualistic culture, thinks arranged marriages are terrible invasions of people's rights)

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

a tendency for people in a good mood to be more likely to help others

Stanford Prison Experiment

study was funded by us navy, they were interested in investigating the causes of conflict between guards and prisoners in naval prisons

stanford prison experiment conclusion

ppl will conform to the social roles they are expected to play

deindividuation

a phenomenon where individuals in a crowd experience a loss in self restraint, self awareness, and inhibition; taking on another role (ex: riots are fueled by this phenomenon. when people feel anonymous and just a face in a crowd, they are much more likely to go along with the crowd)

philip g. zimbardo

created stanford prison experiment

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

catharsis

the idea that being aggressive towards a stressor or thinking about it can relieve aggressive feelings, will only occur under specific situations and can increase aggression instead

companionate attraction

a strong attraction than friendship, but without intimacy

companionate love

love characterized by intimacy and commitment

confederate

a person in an experiment who appears to be another participant in the eyes of the participants, but is actually working for the experimenter to manipulate the situation

consummate attraction

passionate and committed attraction

consummate love

love characterized by intimacy, passion, and commitment

cross-race effect

the tendency to better and more easily recall faces of one's own race than other races

cultural relativism

judging other cultures from its own standards

culture

values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of a group of people that are shared from generation to generation

elaboration likelihood model

a theory that describes how people are pursuaded

equity

when both people in a relationship receive in proportion to what they give (ex: sharing responsibilities, support, care, etc.)

explicit prejudice

prejudice that a person is consciously aware of and agrees with

fritz heider

creator of attribtion theory

frustration aggression principle

a theory that proposes frustration leads to anger which leads to aggression, environmental factors such as hot temperatures, pain, insults, bad smells, and more can increase frustration which does tend to lead to more aggression

game theory

the study of logical decision making between two or more parties

grit

passionate dedication towards a difficult long term goal (ex: learning an instrument)

halo effect

the tendency for a positive first impression of something to lead to a person interpreting any new information about that thing in a positive way (ex: an attractive person is more readily perceived as kind and flirty while an unattractive person is more readily perceived as creepy and poor mannered

hostile aggression

direct physical or psychological harm towards another person with the intent to harm (ex: fighting someone (The violence is done purely out of a desire to cause harm)

implicit prejudice

prejudice that a person is not consciously aware of

interpersonal attraction

All of the forces that lead people to like each other, establish relationships and in some cases fall in love, liking, love friendship, and admiration

informational social influence

when people change their behavior or thoughts because they believe other people are correct (ex: in a new class, Jacob changes his view on a subject because he believes his professor is more knowledgable about the subject)

in-group bias

the tendency to favor one's ingroup

instrumental aggression

direct physical or psychological harm towards another person with the intent to manipulate or achieve some other goal (ex: robbing someone [The violence is done to gain something])

irving janis

Coined the term "groupthink", studied how it affected politics

john bargh

The chameleon effect refers to nonconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners, such that one's behavior passively and unintentionally changes to match that of others in one's current social environment. Chartrand, Tanya L. Bargh, John

mirror-image perceptions

a phenomenon where individuals or groups in conflict to form unreasonably poor images of the other individual/group (ex: a group that villainizes another group will likely find themselves villanized in return)

group think

a group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence. Try to reach a decision with minimal conflict without alternatives

norm

expected and accepted behaviors

normative social influence

when people change their behavior or thoughts in order to gain social approval from others or avoid rejection from others (ex: all of jacob's friends have a brand of earbuds so Jacob buys them too)

Obiedience

Changing ones behavior at the direct command of an authority figure. Social power influences a person

Authority

Destructive obedience requires the physical presence of a prestigious authority figure

Victim

Physical separation from victim allows for emotional distance from the consequence of action

The procedure

Removal sense of responsibility for the victims wellfare