PSY Q-MULATIVE FINAL EXAM

innate emotions that are evolutionary adaptive and universal

primary emotions

blend of primary emotions, feelings about emotions, or emotions related to specific values or concepts (e.g. guilt or love)

secondary emotions

state of biological or social deficiency

need

internal psychological state, created by arousal and motivates an organism

drive

psychological principle stating that performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level

Yerkes-Dodson law

motivation to perform an activity because of external goals

extrinsic motivation

motivation to perform an activity because of value or pleasure associated with that activity itself

intrinsic motivation

What is the limbic system

made up of the insula and amygdala

plays important role in experiencing of emotions

What is the function of the amygdala

process emotional significance

generate immediate emotional and behavioral reactions

Compare and contrast the 2 pathways that the amygdala receives information

Path 1: fast path (thalamus ➡amygdala)

Path 2: slow path (thalamus➡ visual cortex ➡ amygdala)

Both let people assess and respond to emotion-producing stimuli in different ways

T or F: The James-Lange Theory of Emotion states that a person’s interpretation of bodily responses leads them to feel emotion

T

person perceives specific patterns of bodily responses (arousal) and as result of that perception they feel emotion

Compare and contrast the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory and James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: cognitive label applied to physiological arousal

James-Lange Theory of Emotion: people perceive specific patterns of bodily responses

Cannon-Bard Theory

We experience an emotion and physical reaction at the same time

Are people able to accurately identify emotion by just looking at a person’s eyes?

Yes

eyes best express emotion

What facial features would increase accuracy of emotion identification if presented with the eyes

The mouth

Samantha works hard at her job because she would like to receive a raise. Her coworker, James, works hard because he enjoys the satisfaction from feeling that he is giving his best effort.

Who is intrinsically and extrinsically motivated?

Intrinsically motivated: James ; Extrinsically motivated: Samantha

expected standards of conduct in a group setting

social norms

attitudes that a person can report

explicit attitudes

attitudes that influence a person’s feelings/behavior at an unconscious level

implicit attitudes

uncomfortable mental state from contradiction of 2 attitudes or attitude and a behavior

cognitive dissonance

tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members

outgroup homogeneity

state of reduced individuality, self-awareness, and attention to personal standard

deindividuation

negative feelings, opinion, and belief associated with a stereotype

prejudice

differential treatment of people as a result of prejudice

discrimination

subtle form of prejudice often co-exists with rejection of explicit racist beliefs

modern racism

tendency for people to take personal credit for success, but blame failure on external factors

self-serving bias

What is the social brain hypothesis?

the size of a primate species’ standard social group is related to volume of that species’ neocortex

In 2016, CCTV footage showed a woman who was grabbed and dragged across the corridors of a Beijing hotel in full view of witnesses. However, this footage sparked outrage because none of the witnesses came to her aid.
What social effect explains why no one helped?

Bystander intervention effect: Bystander Apathy

What are the 4 major reasons for bystander intervention effect?

1. diffusion of responsibilty

2. fear of making social blunders in ambiguous situations

3. people are less likely to help when they are anonymous and can remain so

4. cost versus benefits of helping

A job applicant believes he was hired because of his personal achievements fully qualified him for the position. On the other hand, he believes that he was rejected from another position because the interviewer was having a bad day.

What type of bias is this job applicant exemplifying?

Self serving bias

A PSY100 student loves her class and is extremely pleased with how much she learned this semester.

Is this an explicit or implicit attitude?

explicit attitude

Harrison absentmindedly walked past an advertisement for Kleenex brand tissues on his way to the store. Later, he chose to purchase Kleenex brand tissues over the Puffs brand tissues because the Kleenex tissues looked familiar to him.

Is this an explicit or implicit attitude?

implicit attitude

the study through research, of mind, brain, and behavior

psychological science

psychological characteristics are biologically innate* or acquired through environmental factors*

nature*

nurture*

psychological approach that emphasizes environmental influences on observable behaviors

behaviorism

What does the Nature vs Nurture debate stand now?

both influence each other and are inseparable

what is the core theoretical tenet of functionalism

• mind is developed over the course of human evolution because it is useful for preserving life

• mind helps adapt to environmental demands

• influenced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection

what is the core theoretical tenet of behaviorism

• studying through observable behaviors

• internal mental state or events such as thoughts and feelings were irrelevant

what is the core theoretical tenet of cognitive approaches

• mental processes can be studied scientifically

• influenced by advances in neuroscience

specific, testable prediction derived from theory

hypothesis

systematic way to test hypotheses

scientific method

describing what phenomenon is

description

predicting when and where phenomenon might occur

prediction

explaining the mechanism behind why phenomenon occurs

explanation

what are the 3 primary gorals of science according to the textbook?

1. description

2. prediction

3. explanation

according to the textbook, what makes a good theory

falsifiable with testable hypotheses and tends toward simplicity

the basic unit of the nervous system

neurons

contains the brain and spinal cord; controls most body functions; carries messages to the brain

central nervous system

communication network that uses hormones to influence thoughts, behaviors, and actions

endocrine system

gap between axon and dendrite where chemical communication occurs between neurons

synapse

brief electrical charge that travels down an axon causing release of chemicals from terminal buttons

action potential

part of the brain associated with formation of memories

hippocampus

what are the 7 common neurotransmitters

1. acetylcholine

2. norepinephrine

3. serotonin

4. dopamine

5. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

6. Glutamate

7. Endorphins

functions include motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming

acetylcholine

function is arousal, vigilance, and attention

norepinephrine

function is emotional state, impulsiveness, and dreaming

serotonin

function is reward and motivation, has motor control over voluntary movement

dopamine

functions to inhibit action potentials and reduction of anxiety

GABA

enhance action potentials, functions in learning and memory

glutamate

functions for pain reduction and rewards

endorphins

process by which sensory stimuli are converted to signals that the brain can interpret

transduction

difference between sensation and perception?

sensation: detection of physical stimuli and sends to brain

perception: processing and interpreting sensory signal in the brain

what proportion of the cerebral cortex has been estimated to be involved in vision in some way

up to half

relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience

learning

(pleasurable) stimulus presented after a behavior

positive reinforcement

aversive stimulus removed after a behavior

negative reinforcement

process in which the CR is weakened when the CS is repeatedly presented without being paired with the US

extinction

learning to engage in a behavior or not after seeing others being rewarded or punished for doing that action

vicarious learning

vies cognitive processes as forms of learned behavior and maintained by reinforcement

operant theory of cognition

type of learning that occurs when a formerly neutral object begins to show a reflexive response after being paired with a stimulus that automatically cause that response

classical conditioning

occurs when consequences of our actions determine if the actions will happen in the future

operant conditioning

what are the differences between the traditional medical and biopsychosocial model?

traditional medical model: mental disorders are caused by biological problems

biopsychosocial model: mental health is the result of combined influences (e.g. biology, thoughts , emotions, and social environment)

memory that is expressed through responses, actions, or reactions

implicit memory

memory that is consciously retrieved

explicit memory

also known as explicit memories (can declare that you know them)

declarative memory

memory for one’s persona past experiences that are identified by a time an place

episodic memory

memory for facts independent of personal experience

semantic memory

type of implicit memory involving motor skills and behavioral habits

procedural memory

cognitive structures in long-term memory that help us perceive, organize, and understand information

schema

What are the 3 memory operations?

1. encoding

2. storage

3. retrieval

processing information

encoding

retention of encoded representations over time

storage

act of recalling or remembering stored information when needed

retrieval

ability to use knowledge to for a variety of things such as reasoning, solving, understanding, adapting and learning

intelligence

intelligence that reflects the ability to flexibly process information, particularly in novel or complex circumstances

fluid intelligence

according to the textbook, what is the influence of the environment on brain development?

the environment shapes neural connections and cognitivie abilities

what is the difference between analogic vs symbolic representation?

analogic: images that include characteristics of actual objects

symbolic: abstract mental representations that do not correspond to physical features of objects or idea s

strong emotional connection that motivates care, protection, and social support

attachment

ability to understand others have mental states that influence their behavior; different perspectives and knowledge based on individual differences

theory of mind

process by which we place new information into an existing schema

assimilation

underlying vulnerability may be biological, environmental, or both

diathesis

behavioral treatments include exposure; serotonin uptake

obsessive compulsive disorder

what is the diathesis-stress model and how does it describe causes of mental disorder?

psychological disorders are the result from interactions of a diathesis and stress

compare and contrast bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder

major depressive disorder: characterized by severe negative moods or lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

bipolar disorder: alternating periods/episodes of depression and mania

what are the central characteristics of anxiety disorders?

fear ; tension

are gender and depression related

yes, affects women nearly 2x as much as men

how does DSM-5 group and describe disorders

describes and classifies in measurable symptoms

the generic name given to formal psychological treatment

psychotherapy

reflect medical approaches to disease and illness

biological therapies

focuses on modifying bad behavior and activating better ones directly

behavior therapy