Honors Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Test

Anatomy

Deals with the structure of the body and its parts

Physiology

studies the functions of these parts or asks how they work

Levels of organization

chemicals (atoms, molecules)

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems

organisms

The characteristics of life

movement

responsiveness

growth

reproduction

respiration

digestion

absorption

circulation

assimilation

excretion

Requirements of life

Water

food

heat

pressure

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment

Receptors

monitor for changes

set point

normal value or range of values

effectors

muscles or glands that respond to changes

Negative feedback mechanism

reduce the amount of change from the set point, most common homeostatic control

negative feedback loop

Stimulus

receptor

control center

effectors

corrected

Positive feedback mechanism

moves further from the set point, produce unstable conditions

Axial Cavity

head, neck, trunk

appendicular

upper and lower limbs

cranial cavity

brain

vertebral cavity

spinal cord

thoracic cavity

heart, lungs, mediastinum

Abdominal Cavity

viscera of digestion and the spleen

Pelvic Cavity

end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

Anatomical position

body erect, facing forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior (ventral)

front

Posterior (dorsal)

back

Median

closer to the middle

lateral

to the side

bilateral

paired structures on each side

Ipsilateral

structures on the same side

Contralateral

structures on opposite sides

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment or another referenced body part

Distal

further from the point of attachment or referenced body part

superficial

near the surface

peripheral

outward

deep

more internal

Sagittal

divides the body into left and right portions

parasagittal

lateral to the midline

transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

frontal

divides body into anterior and posterior sections

Abdominal Area Sections

left and right hypochondriac, umbilical, epigastric, right and left lateral, right and left inguinal, pubic

Abdominal area quadrants

right and left upper, right and left lower

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

endocrine system

glands that secrete hormones

cardiovascular system

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood

lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph

digestive system

mouth, toungue, teeth, salivary glands, etc

respiratory system

lungs, nasal cavity, etc

urinary system

bladder, kidney, etc

reproductive system

reproductive organs

cephalic

head

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye cavity

cervical

neck

brachial

arm

abdominal

abdomen

antebrachial

forearm

digital

fingers

carpal

wrist

patellar

front of knee

tarsal

ankle

pedal

foot

femoral

thigh

umbilical

navel

pectoral

chest

sternal

sternum

occipital

back of head

acromial

point of shoulder

vertebral

spinal column

dorsal

back

cubital

elbow

lumbar

lower back

sacral

between hips

gluteal

buttocks

popliteal

back of knee

calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole