LSU PSYC 4008 Exam 1 Baumeister

Plato

believes in immaterial forms of the ultimate reality

Aristotle

believes in material forms of the ultimate reality

Plato

Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Aristotle

In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Plato

was distrustful about the world of appearance

Aristotle

thought that the ultimate reality was the material world

Subjective realm

Private and not verifiable

Objective realm

Public and verifiable

Subjective

The ____________ realm is about humanities and is not scientific

Objective

The ___________ realm is about basic (real) science and is not psychological.

Subjective

The __________ realm is about agency e.g. uncaused action (free will).

Objective

The ___________ realm is about caused (determined) action.

Subjective

The ___________ realm is qualitative and synthetic (not reducible).

Objective

The ___________ realm is about quantitative and analytic (reducible).

Mind

The subjective realm is about the mind or matter?

Immaterial

The subjective realm is about immaterial or material substance?

Material

The objective realm is about immaterial or material substance?

Matter

The objective realm is about the mind or matter?

subject/object dichotomy

The __________________ dichotomy is a massive intellectual problem for psychology!

Metaphysics

Branch of philosophy that attempts to understand the world as it really is

Thales

Pre-Socratic who believes the ultimate reality is water

Anaximander

Pre-Socratic who believes the ultimate reality is an "indefinite", "unlimited", "primordial stuff" which is unlike anything we can experience but gives rise to the things in the world

Anaximenes

Pre-Socratic who believes the ultimate reality is air

Heraclitus

Pre-Socratic who believes the ultimate reality is change or flux as represented by fire

Democritus

Pre-Socratic who believes the ultimate reality is composed of "bits" of stuff called atoms

History

Description of events (what happened), including (usually) a chronology (dimension of time), and explication of cause and effect based on evidence

Personalistic and naturalistic theory

What are the 2 theories of history?

Personalistic theory

The person makes the times

Great man theory

What is another name for the personalistic theory?

Naturalistic theory

The time makes the person

Zeitgeist

the context in which historic events occur

Naturalistic theory This theory includes broad social, cultural, political, and economic, and intellectual forces that characterized a particular historic period

It creates cohesion among members of the profession by providing a sense of shared origin and community

Why study the history of psychology?

Historiography

the methods of history

Practitioner and academic

What are the 2 types of historians?

Practitioner

Trained in an academic discipline or science other than history (e.g., Ph.D. in psychology)

Academic historian

Trained historian (e.g., Ph.D. in history)

There are tensions between Academic historians and Practitioners and there are different ways of writing history

What are some issues in history?

Internalism

Focus is on events most tangibly and immediately related to a particular historical event (e.g., the discovery of something)

Broader context less important

Summarize the context of Internalism.

Externalism

Focus on the broad intellectual, cultural, social, political and economic "currents" indirectly tied to a particular event (in other words, the zeitgeist)

Context is the essence of externalism

Summarize the context of externalism.

Presentism

usually used in a pejorative sense to interpret and assess the past only in terms of present understanding

Anachronism

something out of place in time

APA definition of Psychology

Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. In every conceivable setting from scientific research centers for mental healthcare services, 'the understanding of behavior' is the enterprise of psychologists.

Personalistic

Important events in history are a result from the heroic actions of individuals

Naturalistic

Emphasizes the forces of history that influence individuals

1. Formulate hypothesis from theory or observation

2. Deduce testable predictions

3. Test the prediction by observation or experimentation

4. Confirm or refute hypothesis by inductive reasoning

What are the steps of the Hypothetico-deductive model?

Thomas Kuhn

wrote The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Normal science and scientific revolution

Kuhn believed that mature sciences cycle between what two phases?

Normal science

progress is continuous

Scientific revolution

progress is discontinuous (quantal)

Normal science

paradigm based and set of shared beliefs

Revolutionary science

paradigm shift

As science progresses we get closer to the truth

Describe mature science progression.

Descartes

Scientist and mathematician who was primarily a rationalist

Descartes

Used the power of thinking to try and understand ultimate reality

Descartes

Used method of doubt, but could not doubt that he existed

Father of Modern Philosophy

What is Descartes's nickname?

Scholastic

Descartes was educated in the "___________" tradition

Descartes

He concludes that he is - fundamentally - a "thinking substance" and this "thinking substance" is immaterial and does not require a body or other material substrate to exist

All thinking things exist, I think, therefore I exist

What is another way to conceive the logic of the "Cogito" (Descartes' theory of self): it is a self-confirmatory syllogism.

Body

Is the following properties of body or mind? It is a non-thinking substance. It is an extended substance (a physical/material substance). Has mass and form. Has location in time and space. Is reducible and determined. Is about nothing (it lacks intentionality).

Mind

Is the following properties of body or mind? It is a thinking substance (possessed only by humans). It is a non-extended substance (not of the physical/material world). Has no mass or form. It has no location in space and continues to exist beyond the body. Is not reducible or determined (it is free from the laws of necessity). Mental activity is always about something (it has intentionality).

Yes, two-way interactionism (mind affects body and body affects mind) through the Pineal gland

Do the body and mind interact according to Descartes?

Animal spirits

Descartes believed that interaction between mind and body was mediated by "________ ________" which he defined as "a very fine wind, or rather a very lively and pure flame" that flowed through the nerves

the substance in which thought immediately resides

Descartes characterized mind as what?

Thought

Descartes says of "_________" that it extends to "everything that is within us in such a way that we are immediately conscious of it"

Consciousness

So, ____________ is central to mind and thought

Consciousness

The way Descartes employs the word ____________ it is an undefined entity that makes us aware of our thoughts

Soul

Descartes believes self is a property of "soul"

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning from general premises to particular conclusions

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning from particular observations to a general conclusion

If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Argument can be valid with a false conclusions; Example: Crows are black - premise 1; This bird is black - premise 2; This bird is a crow - conclusion

What is the Structure of deductive reasoning arguments?

The truth of the premise does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion; example: I have observed 1,000 dogs, and every one had fleas - premise; All dogs have fleas - conclusion

What is the Structure of inductive reasoning arguments?

Belief that the mind and body are not separate substances

What is monism?

Berkeley

Before him sensory physiology was primarily physics, after him it becomes strongly psychological

AMISE- Associationist, Monist, Idealist, Soliphist, Empiricist

Was Berkeley a rationalist, empiricist, or an idealist?

Subjective idealism

What is Berkeley's theory called?

Subjective idealism

denied the distinction between primary and secondary qualities; All were secondary

Does not believe in external world, but believe it is construction of mind

What does Berkeley believe about the external world?

Locke and Berkeley

Who had the following principles of association: contiguity and similarity?

It is intrinsically solipsistic (only the mind exists)

What is the big problem with idealism?

Solipsism

Logically it resolves into the belief that there is only one mental substance (only the mind exists)

Only the mind exists

What does solipsism mean?

Rationalist

Was Leibnitz a rationalist, empiricist, or an idealist?

His approach to the mind-body problem, his theory of apperception, and his monadology

What was Leibnitz's contribution to psychology?

Monadology

the study of the theory of monads

Monads

the universe is composed of elemental substances called _____________ which cannot be destroyed, or altered by "natural" means

God

Who are monads created by?

God

Who is the only uncreated monad?

False

T/F: People take monadology and parallelism seriously.

Locke

Who founded empiricism?

Empiricism

______________ is an epistemological theory

Blank slate

The core principal of British Empiricism is that all knowledge comes from sensation; at birth, the mind is a "__________ __________"

EAA- Empiricist, Associationist, Atomist

Was Locke a rationalist, empiricist, or an idealist?

Hume

He argued that the problem with philosophy was its reliance on speculation and invention (rationalism) rather than experience and observation (empiricism) and that metaphysics as the quest for understanding the ultimate nature of reality is beyond reason's scope

Hume

He begins with an account of perception and divides perceptions into two categories, impressions and ideas

EAA- Empiricist, Associationist, Atomist

Was Hume a rationalist, empiricist, or an idealist?

Hartley

Known as the father of associationism