APUSH Unit 2 Vocabulary

Flashcards of vocabulary and concepts from lecture.

Spanish Colonial Goals

The Spanish established colonies in the Americas to extract wealth and convert the native population to Christianity, introducing a caste system based on racial ancestry.

French Colonial Policies

The French were more interested in trade, especially fish and fur, and established trading settlements, sometimes marrying American Indian wives for economic alliances.

Ojibwe Indians

An American Indian tribe fostered alliances with the French and benefited by preparing beaver skins for market. The French introduced iron cookware and manufactured goods.

Dutch Colonial Goals

In 1609, the Dutch established a fur trading center on the Hudson River (present-day New York) with mainly economic goals and little interest in converting natives to Christianity.

New Amsterdam

Established by the Dutch in 1624, it became a trade hub that attracted traders, merchants, fishermen, and farmers.

Motivations for British Colonization

Economic instability in Britain due to the Columbian Exchange, wars with France, and the conquest of Ireland led to inflation and hardship.

Joint Stock Company

Private business entity in which investors put money into a pot and collect profits if the entity is successful.

Jamestown

First permanent British colonial settlement in North America, established in 1607, primarily a profit-seeking venture financed by a joint stock company.

Indentured Servants

People who couldn't afford passage from Britain to the New World signed a labor contract to work for a period, for usually seven years, in exchange for the passage.

Bacon's Rebellion

A settler named Nathaniel Bacon led angry poor farmers, including indentured servants, in an attack against the Indians and then turned their militia toward the plantations owned by governor Berkeley.

New England Colonies

Settled by pilgrims in 1620, these colonies were founded by migrants in family units in order to establish a society. Established family economies as farmers

British West Indies

Permanent colonies established in the Caribbean, such as Saint Christopher, Barbados, and Nevis, where the warm climate allowed year-round growing seasons.

Sugarcane

Crop introduced to the British West Indies in the 1630s due to falling tobacco prices; led to a high demand for African slaves due to its labor-intensive cultivation.

Stringent Laws in Barbados

Laws defining enslaved people as property and governing every little detail of their lives. Passed to govern the black population on the island.

Middle Colonies

Colonies (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) that had a diverse population and a thriving export economy, particularly in cereal crops, which led to social inequalities

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania and recognized religious freedom for all and obtained land mainly through negotiation with the Indians

Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims signed this before disembarking from their ship the Mayflower, Which organized their government on the model of a self governing church congregation.

House of Burgesses in Virginia

Representative assembly which could levy taxes and pass laws. Dominated by elite classes in New York and Southern colonies.

Atlantic Economy

A global economy developed with the uptick of colonization in The Americas. One of the more significant manifestations of this was this form of trade.

Triangular Trade

Merchant ships would carry rum to West Africa where they would trade it for enslaved people, then the ships sailed the dreaded middle passage in which their hulls were packed to a cruel and unhealthy measure with enslaved cargo before trading the slaves for sugarcane in the West Indies.

Mercantilism

Economic system where there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world. The goal of each state was to gain as much of that wealth as possible by maintaining a favorable balance of trade with more exports than imports.

Navigation Acts

Required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies and English owned ships. Certain valuable trade items were required to pass exclusively through British ports where they could then be taxed.

Slavery in the British Colonies

From 1700 to 1808, approximately 3,000,000 enslaved Africans were transported on British ships across the Middle Passage. Every British colony participated in the slave trade, trading enslaved for tobacco, sugarcane, and indigo.

Slave Codes

Defined slaves as chattel (property) and turned slavery into a perpetual, hereditary institution to maintain a controlled and growing labor force.

Covert Enslaved Resistance

Strategies of the covert resistors included the insistence to secretly maintain cultural customs and belief systems from their homeland. Others broke tools, ruined, stored seeds with moisture or faked illness.

Stono Rebellion

In 1739, a small group of slaves stole weapons from a store and killed its owners, then marched along the Stono River, burning plantations and killing white folks.

Metacom

Chief of the Wampanoag Indians, also known as King Philip, who initiated a war against the British due to their encroachment on ancestral lands.

Metacom's War/King Philip's War

War in 1675, where Metacom, or King Philip, led attacks against white settlements throughout New England due to British encroachment on Indian lands.

Enlightenment

Movement in Europe that emphasized rational thinking over tradition and religious revelation, influencing the colonies with ideas like natural rights and social contracts.

Natural Rights

People have inborn rights given to them by a creator and not by a government.

Social Contract

People were in a contract with their government, where they gave some power to the government to protect their natural rights, and if the government failed, the people had the right to overthrow it.

New Light Clergy

Christian colonial ministers who lamented the loss of faith due to the Enlightenment and emphasized the democratic principles of the Bible.

Great Awakening

A massive religious revival that swept through all the colonies and generated intense Christian enthusiasm.

Jonathan Edwards

New England minister who preached in Northampton with the precision of a philosopher and the heart of an evangelist

George Whitfield

English itinerant evangelist that made the fire spread by traveling throughout all the colonies preaching in churches and in open city squares and in fields and wherever he could gather people.

Anglicanization

The colonies were experiencing a gradual process of becoming more English-like, developing autonomous political communities like those in England.

Impressment

The act of seizing colonial men and forcing them to serve in the royal navy.

Sugarcane

A new crop introduced due to falling tobacco prices

Cereal crops

The colonies thrived on an export economy mainly of these crops.

William Berkeley

The governor of Jamestown who refused to send troops to defend Colonists from Indians

Separation of Powers

The idea that the best form of government involved checking and balancing power.

Mohawk

Indian tribe allied with The British

Tobacco

Crop grown in the Chesapeake region that reversed their fortunes and led to huge influxes of investment.

Types of British colonies examined

New England, Chesapeake, Southern.

Colonies with most diverse population

New York and New Jersey