APUSH Period 4

Why 1800-1848?

• Thomas Jefferson’s election to Seneca Falls Convention

Barbary Pirates

• Who

• What did US gov do

• What did Barbary pirates do

• Jefferson response

• Pirates in Barbary States

• US gov paid tribute to Barbary states

• Jefferson against bribes to engage in trade

• Barbary pirates lifted protection and began attacking US ships

• Jefferson negotiated reduced payment to Barbary states

Strict Constructionists

• which party

• belief

• Anti-federalists

• believed that federal government was only able to do what was explicitly written in constitution

Loose Constructionists

• which party

• beliefs

• Federalists

• Federal government had more flexibility with written constitution

• Can do more than things explicitly written in constitution as long as its necessary and proper

Louisiana Purchase

• how was it purchased

• why was Jefferson conflicted

• Haitian revolt against France → Jefferson saw opportunity to gain navigation rights in Mississippi river (french territory)

• Sent James Monroe with 2mil to buy from Napoleon

• Napoleon had little use for Louisiana territory bc Haiti was lost → told Monroe Us could have all of Louisiana territory for $15mil

• Jefferson bought even though purchasing was not in constitution/against his ideals

Corps of Discovery

• Exploration of Louisiana Purchase

• Louis and Clarke explored Louisiana Territory 1804

• Zebulon Pike led exploration in 1806 in southern area

John Marshall

• fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835)

• His court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power

Marbury v. Madison

• year

• established what

• proclaimed what was unconstitutional

• landmark Supreme Court case from 1803 that established judicial review, giving courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

• proclaimed itself to be final interpreter of constitution → judiciary act unconstitutional

• resulted in judicial review

Judiciary Act

• established what

• congress could do what

• established the federal court system separate from individual state courts

  • Congress could regulate the jurisdiction of all federal courts

Judicial Review

• doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary

• essential part of checks and balances within U.S. government structure

• From Marbury v. Madison

Mcculloch V. Maryland

• supreme court decided that federal law trumps state law

• contributed to creating business-friendly climate

War of 1812

• First proper war since revolutionary war

• 1812 US declared war on Britain

• Democratic republicans - for war

• federalists - against war

• US won

• only success was heightening Us sense

Hartford Convention 1843

• Federalists came together to discuss ending the war of 1812

• Even suggested that New England should cecede from union

Era of Good Feelings

• refers to the period in American history from 1815 to 1825

• there was a sense of national purpose and unity following the War of 1812.

• dominance of the Democratic Republicans.

• During Monroe’s presidency

American System

• By Henry Clay

• Numerous pieces of legislatures/policies

  • Federally funded internal improvements: vetoed

  • Implementation of protective tariffs

  • Re-establish Bank of the US

• example of regional interesting trumping national concern

Gabriel’s Rebellion

• a planned slave revolt in Richmond, Virginia in 1800, led by a slave named Gabriel Prosser. The plan was discovered and suppressed before it could be carried out.

Market Revolution

• period in 19th-century American history when an agrarian society of small producers —> into an industrialized nation of consumers

• the linking of northern industries with western/southern farms

• created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation

Mexican Cession

• a term for the region in present-day southwestern United States

• Mexico ceded to the U.S. in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War.

Factors Promoting Economic Growth 1820-1860

• Abundant natural resources (raw materials, energy)

• substantial population growth (workers and consumers)

• transportation revolution (facilitated movement of ppl/goods/info)

• capital investment (capital to support economic enterprises)

• government support (capital, privileges, supportive climate)

• industrialization (numerous, cheaper goods for mass market)

Causes of War of 1812

• France and Britain fighting, us wanted to remain neutral but France and Britain kept seizing us ships

  • Americans moving westward was have Indian problems

  • British impressment (British ships capturing Americans, making them serve in British navy)

Consequences of War of 1812

• - Nationalism

  • Final demise of federalist party

  • beginning of Era of good Feelings

  • showed weaknesses ex: no national bank → difficult to raise funds

Eerie Canal System

• stretched across new york state

• had economic benefits → huge campaign for more canals to be dug across nation

Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820

• Henry Clay

• Bring in Missouri as slave state

• Bring in Maine as free state

• Southern border of Missouri (36 30 line) would be line separating slave territory and free territory

Monroe Doctrine 1823

• declared that European powers could not interfere in the affairs of the Americas.

• western hemisphere established as US sphere of influence

Panic of 1819

• Causes:

  • Irresponsible banking practices

  • Decreased demand for exports

• Effects

  • Working men hit hardest, demand the franchise

  • wanted to be able to hold politicians responsible but they couldn’t vote

Panic of 1837

• Causes:

  • Andrew Jackson passed an executive order called Specie Circular (prohibited fed gov from accepting any payment other than gold/silver)

  • Jackson allowed the charter of the Bank of the United States to expire in 1836

  • "Pet banks" printed too much of their own money, which devalued the currency

• widespread unemployment throughout the United States

Railroads/Railroad Revolution 1850s

• began to replace canals

• instrumental in the industrial development and westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century

• established in the north

Revolution of 1800/Jefferson Election

• first peaceful transition of power between political parties (Federalists to Democratic-Republicans)

• 3rd prez

• didn’t rlly change/destroy structure of federal government

• called for unity “we are all republicans we are all federalists”

• Accomplishments:

  • cut military spending

  • reduced army

  • reduced navy

  • expired alien/sedition acts expire

  • Louisiana purchase

Second Great Awakening

• Protestant reform movement

• Reject 18th century belief in predetermination

• emphasized individual responsibility for seeking salvation

• preached that people could improve themselves and society

• Charles Finney: Famous preacher, emphasized moral reformation of society

Second Party System

• political framework in the United States from about 1828 to 1854

• characterized by the dominance of two major parties: the Democrats and the Whigs

Seneca Falls Convention

1848

• first women’s rights conference in America

• drafted declaration of sentiments

• marked a significant step towards women's suffrage in America.

Trail of Tears

• After Treaty of New Echota

• Cherokee who refused were forced to move

• forced relocation of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Thousands died during this journey due to harsh conditions and disease.

Treaty of Ghent

• peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain

• It was signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

• organized slave revolt in Virginia 1831

• believed god had given him mission

• killed over 51 white ppl

• turner and followers hanged publicly

• consequence: even harsher/stricter disciplines and restrictions on slaves

Whigs

• American political party active from 1833-1856 that stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements.

First Party System

• political system in place in the United States between 1792 and 1824. It was marked by two dominant political parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.

Business Cycle 1790-1860

• Boom/Bust Cycles

• Result of industrialization

Supreme Court Cases

• Fletcher v. Peck 1810

• Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge

• Dartmouth v. Woodward 1819

• Gibbons v. Ogden 1824

• Marbury v. Madison 1803

• What did all of these cases help create?

• Al contributed to creating business-friendly climate

• Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge 1835

  • contributed to creating business-friendly climate

• Fletcher v. Peck 1810

  • Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional

• Dartmouth v. Woodward 1819

  • it prevented states governments from having control over private entities

• Gibbons v. Ogden 1824

  • established idea that federal gov has right to regulate interstate commerce

• Marbury v. Madison 1803

  • resulted in judicial review

Distribution of Wealth

• 45% of all wealth in top 10%

American view of Irish Immigrant

• bad

• alcoholic

• “black irish”

• anti-catholic sentiment

Regional specialization

• East: industrial

• South: cotton/slavery

• West: The nation’s “breadbasket”

• reason we can specialize is bc of improved transportation

Immigrants

• origins

• number

• mostly Ireland, Germany, Britain

• some Chinese

• 1820-1840 2 million immigrants mainly from Ireland/Germany

• migration west

• lived in tenements

  • poor living conditions

Know-Nothing Party

Consequences of industrialization

• Slaves/state balance

• Social problems

• Economic problems

• political problems

Transcendentalism

• idea of personal knowledge of god, believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight

• embraced idealism focusing on nature and opposing materialism

• Henry David Thoreau: civil disobedience, lived in Walden pond, wrote Walden

• Ralph Waldo Emerson: self reliance, moral perfection

Utopian Communities

• Shakers

  • don’t believe in sex

  • Mother Ann Lee

  • 1999 only 7 alive

• Mormons

  • founded by Joseph Smith

  • next ldr Brigham Young

  • Utah - 1847

  • Polygamy - 1890

  • Book of Mormon

• Oneida Community

  • John Humphrey Noyes

  • Perfectionist religious communal society

  • group marriage/free love/poly

  • Male sexual incontinence

Abolition

• William Lloyd Garrison

• Frederick Douglass

• Moral Suasion

• Underground R.R

• Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852

• William Lloyd Garrison

  • - newspaper the liberator

  • moral persuasion > violence

• American Anti-Slavery Society

• Frederick Douglass

• Used moral Suasion

• Speeches

• slave narratives

• underground R.R.

• Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Uncle tom’s cabin 1852

Lucretia Mott/Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Leaders in women’s rights movement

• Led Seneca Falls Convention

Tallmadge Amendment

• threatened to break up union

• no further slaves could be imported into the state and all children born after Missouri's admission to the Union shall be born free

Election of Andrew Jackson

• hot temper

• election of 1824

• used JQA’s term to build political party

  • Jacksonian democracy

  • goal: give gov back to the common man

• Jackson won by landslide

• Democrats vs Whigs

Election of James Madison

• Jefferson’s handpicked successor

• led country during the war of 1812

• key figure in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights, earning him the nickname "Father of the Constitution."

Election of John Quincy Adams

• Electoral College had no majority

• House of representatives got to choose

• Henry Clay was speaker and supported Adams, he won

• Adams immediately made Clay secretary of state

• → corrupt bargain

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

• Spain sold Florida to US

• established location of southern border

Technological breakthroughs that contributed to Market Revolution

• Cotton Gin

  • revolutionized southern agriculture/northern industry

  • sped up process of separating seeds from fibers

• Interchangeable Parts

  • b4, products made by artisans

  • machines used to produce various parts

• Spinning Machine

  • sped up process of spinning cotton into yarn

• John Deere/Steel Plow

  • could navigate up and down river

• Robert Fulton/Steamboat

American System of Manufacturing

• water-powered machines

• division of labor into small repeatable tasks

• mass production

Middle Class

• Journalists, doctors, lawyers

• leisure activities: plays, circuses, sports events

Cult of Domesticity

• women expected to conform to this social norm

• idea that women’s identity and sense of purpose revolved around childbearing/housekeeping for her husband

• didn’t apply to lower class women bc they had to work to get money

Election of 1800

• DR candidates: Jefferson and Aaron Burr

• Fed candidates: Adams and Charles C. Pinckney

• Messed up election → created 12th amendment so president and vp are elected using separate ballots

• Federalist party declining

Embargo Act 1807

• Jefferson

• prohibited American ships from trading with foreign ports

• aiming to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars

• eventually replaced by non-intercourse acts

Yeoman Farmers

• independent farmers who owned their own land

• gov supported them

• owned no slaves

• still believed in racial hierarchy/institution of slavery

Non-intercourse Act 1809

• replaced embargo act

• aimed to maintain U.S. neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France by prohibiting trade with these nations

Election of 1824

• National republicans vs democrats

• candidates: henry clay, andrew jackson, william crawford, john quincy adams

• popular vote: jackson

• electoral college had no majority

• winner: house of representatives got to choose, clay supported adams and adams won

Spoils System

• rewarding political supporters with government jobs

• pig

  • reprsents gov jobs

• background

  • white house

Tariff of Abominations

• 1828

• North v. South

• South hated

• North supported

• Calhoun southern, developed nullification

Indian Removal Act

• 1830

• Jackson presidency

• Cherokee refused to be resettled in Mississipi river

• Worcester v Georgia

  • court ruled Cherokee nation was sovereign and Georgia did not have right to impose state laws within their boundaries

Essex Junto

• group of extreme Federalists in Massachusetts that existed from 1796 to the early 1800s.

• known for their strong opposition to Thomas Jefferson and later, the War of 1812

National Republicans

• Expansive view of federal power

• loose constructionists

Democrats

• restrictive view of federal power

• strict constructionists

Corrupt Bargain

• Election of 1824

• Henry Clay speaker of the house, supported Adams to be president

• Adams named Henry Clay secretary of state

• ppl called it corrupt bargain

Nullification

• state impeding or attempting to prevent the operation and enforcement within its territory of a law of the federal government

• John C. Calhoun in response to tariff of abominations

Force Bill

• gave Jackson authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina

• SC legislature nullified this

Treaty of New Echota

• small group of Cherokee signed

• exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River

Hudson River School

• painted romanticized landscapes in New York

• spiritual renewal

• transcendentalism

Temperance Movement

• crusaded against consumption of alcohol

• 1826 American Temperance Society

  • founded by businessmen/clergy

  • directed toward working class men who abused alcohol

Aaron Burr

• was a prominent political figure in the early United States, serving as Vice President under Thomas Jefferson from 1801 to 1805

• He is perhaps best known for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, which resulted in Hamilton's death

Northern Confederacy

• proposed union of New England states considered by some Federalists around 1803-1804 due to their dissatisfaction with Southern dominance in federal government under Presidents like Thomas Jefferson

Tecumseh’s Confederacy

• a coalition of Native American tribes in the early 19th century, led by Shawnee leader Tecumseh, that opposed U.S. expansion into Native territory

First Seminole War

• 1817-1818

• Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish territory of East Florida due to raids by Seminole Indians.

• Since free African Americans and runaway slaves lived in the area where the Seminoles lived, Jackson justified that he was returning fugitive slaves.

Napoleonic Wars

• a series of major conflicts from 1803 to 1815 between Napoleon's French Empire and various European powers formed into several coalitions.

Lowell Girls/Lowell System

• young female workers who came to work in industrial corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution in the United States

• involved hiring young, unmarried women from New England farms to work in his mills and live in company boardinghouses under strict supervision.

Era of the Common Man

• political era in U.S. history (1820s-1830s) during which more ordinary citizens, rather than just elite landowners, were able to participate in politics and vote due to relaxed property requirements

  • property req lifted

  • secret ballot

  • state/fed gov positions more accessible to common man

  • etc

Jacksonian Democracy

• refers to the political philosophy of U.S. President Andrew Jackson and his supporters during the 1820s-1830s.

• It championed greater rights for the common man against a "corrupt aristocracy"

• pushed for broader voting rights, especially for white males

Revolution of 1828

• refers to the presidential election in which Andrew Jackson defeated incumbent John Quincy Adams.

• This election was significant because it marked a shift towards greater political participation by the common man.

Immigration

• Irish

  • potato crop failures

  • discrimination based on religion (roman catholic)

  • most joined democratic party

• German

  • economic hardships/failed democratic revolutions

  • support public education

  • oppose slavery

Romanticism

• was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.

• It emphasized emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature.

Public Education Reform

• Horace Mann

  • compulsory attendance

  • longer school year

  • and more teacher preparation

  • government had a responsibility to provide education to all citizens regardless of their social or economic standing

• public schools received funding from government

Urbanization

Causes

• industrialization

• cotton gin

• steam engine

• transportation