Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid Base Balance

1) Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in

A) The cells of the body.

B) Lymph.

C) Blood vessels.

D) The interstitial space.

E) The cerebrospinal fluid

A) The cells of the body.

2) The components of extracellular fluid (ECF) include

A) Interstitial fluid.

B) Cerebrospinal fluid.

C) Blood plasma and lymph.

D) All of the above

E) A and B only

D) All of the above

3) The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

A) Sodium.

B) Calcium.

C) Magnesium.

D) Potassium.

E) Chloride.

D) Potassium.

4) When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

A) Both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.

B) Osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

C) There is an increase in the volume of the ICF.

D) The osmolarity of the ECF falls.

E) Both A and D

B) Osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

5) When large amounts of pure water are consumed,

A) Osmolarities of the two compartments are slightly lower.

B) The volume of the ECF decreases.

C) A fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.

D) The ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.

E) The volume of the ICF decreases.

A) Osmolarities of the two compartments are slightly lower.

6) Consuming a meal high in salt will

A) Activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

B) Cause hypotension.

C) Result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

D) Decrease thirst.

E) Drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood

C) Result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

7) Antidiuretic hormone

A) Stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.

B) Results in the loss of more urine from the bladder.

C) Causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine.

D) Is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity.

E) Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions.

A) Stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.

8) Aldosterone

A) Is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood.

B) Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

C) Increases the concentration of sodium in urine.

D) Functions in pH regulation.

E) Helps decrease blood volume.

B) Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

9) Atrial natriuretic peptide does all of the following, except that it

A) Reduces thirst.

B) Promotes diuresis.

C) Blocks the release of glucocorticoids during the stress response.

D) Blocks the release of aldosterone.

E) Blocks the release of ADH.

C) Blocks the release of glucocorticoids during the stress response.

10) When the level of sodium ion in extracellular fluid decreases,

A) A person experiences an increased thirst.

B) More ADH is released.

C) There is an increase in the level of aldosterone.

D) There is an increase in the level of atrial natriuretic factor.

E) Osmoreceptors are stimulated.

C) There is an increase in the level of aldosterone.

11) When the amount of sodium ion in extracellular fluid increases,

A) There is a decreased thirst.

B) Aldosterone secretion increases.

C) ADH secretion decreases.

D) Osmoreceptors are stimulated.

E) There is an increase in the volume of urine produced

D) Osmoreceptors are stimulated.

12) Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by

A) The spleen.

B) Sweating.

C) The liver.

D) The digestive system.

E) The kidneys.

E) The kidneys.

13) The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by

A) Cortisol.

B) Atrial natriuretic factor.

C) Aldosterone.

D) Parathormone.

E) ADH.

C) Aldosterone.

14) Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

A) Calcitonin.

B) Calcitriol.

C) Cortisol.

D) ADH.

E) Aldosterone

B) Calcitriol.

15) Each of the following statements concerning chloride ions is true, except that

A) Large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine.

B) Chloride ion concentrations in the ICF are usually low.

C) Chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract in the company of sodium ions.

D) Chloride ions are lost in perspiration.

E) Chloride ions are the most abundant anions in the ECF.

A) Large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine

16) The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

A) Prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

B) Buffer stomach acid.

C) Buffer the urine.

D) Increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation.

E) Buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.

A) Prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

17) Acidosis can cause all of the following, except

A) Cardiac arrhythmias.

B) Kidney failure.

C) Peripheral vasoconstriction.

D) Coma and death.

E) Heart failure.

C) Peripheral vasoconstriction.

18) Hypoventilation would cause

A) Respiratory alkalosis.

B) Respiratory acidosis.

C) Metabolic alkalosis.

D) Metabolic acidosis

B) Respiratory acidosis.

19) Prolonged vomiting can result in

A) Respiratory acidosis.

B) Respiratory alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis

D) Metabolic alkalosis

20) A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

A) Respiratory acidosis.

B) Respiratory alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis

A) Respiratory acidosis.

21) A person with chronic diabetes will exhibit signs of

A) Respiratory acidosis.

B) Respiratory alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis

C) Metabolic acidosis.

22) A mountain climber at high altitude may lose consciousness as the result of

A) Respiratory acidosis.

B) Respiratory alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis

B) Respiratory alkalosis

23) A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids may risk

A) Respiratory acidosis.

B) B) Respiratory alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis

D) Metabolic alkalosis

24) A person with nephritis (an inflammation of the kidneys) will show symptoms of

A) Respiratory acidosis.

B) Respiratory alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

25) To survive, humans must maintain a normal volume and composition of

A) Body fluids.

B) ECF.

C) Plasma.

D) ICF.

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

26) Water accounts for approximately _____ percent of the body weight in an adult male.

A) 60

B) 50

C) 80

D) 75

E) 40

A) 60

27) Exchange among subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily in the

A) Capillaries.

B) Veins.

C) Arteries.

D) Tissues.

E) Muscles.

A) Capillaries.

28) Which hormone is released by cardiac muscle in response to abnormal stretching of the heart Walls?

A) ANP

B) BNP

C) Aldosterone

D) ADH

E) A and B

E) A and B

29) You are caring for a patient who has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past five days. You suspect that his electrolyte levels are

A) Normal

B) Decreased

C) Elevated

D) Noncritical

B) Decreased

30) Which hormone affects the osmotic concentration?

A) ADH

B) BNP

C) Natriuretic peptide

D) ANP

E) aldosterone

A) ADH

31) Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.

A) 10

B) 7

C) 9

D) 15

E) 20

B) 7 (1.8 gal)

32) The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

A) Chlorine ions.

B) Magnesium ions.

C) Sodium ions.

D) Calcium ions.

E) Potassium ions.

C) Sodium ions.

33) The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidney will

A) Secrete greater amounts of ADH.

B) Retain potassium ions.

C) Stimulate urinary water loss.

D) Conserve sodium ions.

E) All of the above

D) Conserve sodium ions.

34) Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by

A) Causing the release of ADH.

B) Triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.

C) Stimulating thirst.

D) A and B

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

35) Renal failure can result in

A) Hyperkalemia.

B) Hypokalemia.

C) Hyponatremia.

D) None of the above

A) Hyperkalemia.

36) Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A) Increased with elevated levels of ADH.

B) Minimal because humans ingest very little potassium.

C) Decreased by aldosterone.

D) Associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

E) Increased in the presence of atrial natriuretic peptide

D) Associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

37) Factors that increase the secretion of antidiuretic hormone include all of the following, except

A) Water deprivation.

B) Increased concentration of potassium ions in the ICF.

C) Increased concentration of sodium ions in the ECF.

D) Increased osmolarity of the ECF.

E) Decreased renal blood flow

B) Increased concentration of potassium ions in the ICF.

38) Dehydration will cause

A) Increased thirst.

B) Decreased concentration of sodium ions in the ECF.

C) Decreased secretion of ADH.

D) Decreased levels of aldosterone.

E) Fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF.

A) Increased thirst.

39) When the pH of the extracellular fluid declines, the

A) Kidneys reabsorb less water.

B) pH of the urine decrease.

C) Kidneys secrete more potassium ions.

D) Kidneys excrete more sodium ions.

E) Kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.

B) pH of the urine decrease.

40) In response to a rapid increase of organic acids in the body, you would expect to observe all of the following, except

A) Increased heart rate.

B) Increased alveolar ventilation.

C) Decreased blood pH.

D) Decreased respiration rate.

E) Increased blood pressure.

D) Decreased respiration rate.

41) The principal ions in extracellular fluid are ________, ________, and ________.

A) Na, Cl, HCO3-

B) Na, Cl, K

C) Na, K, HCO3-

D) K, Cl, PO4-

E) K, PO4-, Fe

A) Na, Cl, HCO3-

42) All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________

A) ECF

B) ICF

C) Plasma

D) Lymph

E) CSF

A) ECF

43) A (n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its dissociation products.

A) Buffer system

B) Osmosis

C) Filtration

D) Cardiovascular system

A) Buffer system

44) A (n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

A) Volatile

B) Nonvolatile

C) Both

D) Neither

A) Volatile

45) A (n) ________ acid is an acid that does not leave solution once it is produced.

A) Fixed

B) Volatile

C) Both

D) Neither

A) Fixed

46) ________ Acids are participants in or by-products of cellular metabolism.

A) Organic

B) Non organic

C) Both

D) Neither

A) Organic

47) The normal pH range for body fluids is ________ to ________

A) 7.35; 7.45

B) 7; 7.35

C) 7; 7.45

D) 0.9; 0.95

A) 7.35; 7.45

48) When the pH falls below 7.35, a state of ________ exists.

A) Acidosis

B) Alkalosis

C) Ketosis

A) Acidosis

49) When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

A) Acidosis

B) Alkalosis

C) Ketosis

B) Alkalosis

50) _______ are ions released through the dissociation of inorganic compounds.

A) Electrolytes

B) Oxygen

C) CO2

A) Electrolytes

51) if you were walking across the Sahara Desert with an empty canteen, the amount of ADH secreted would most likely:

A) Increase.

B) Decrease.

C) Stay the same.

D) Have no effect

A) Increase.

52) Giving a hypertonic I.V solution to a patient may cause too much fluid to be:

A) Pulled from the cells into the bloodstream, which may cause the cells to shrink.

B) Pulled out of the bloodstream into the cells.

C) Pushed out of the bloodstream into the extravascular spaces.

D) Pulled from the cells into the bloodstream, which may cause the cells to increase in size

A) Pulled from the cells into the bloodstream, which may cause the cells to shrink.

53) Older adults are at increased risk for electrolyte imbalances because, with age, the kidneys have:

A) Increased Glomerular filtration rate.

B) Fewer functioning Nephrons.

C) Increased ability to concentrate urine.

D) Increased blood flow.

B) Fewer functioning Nephrons.

54) Paco2 level indicates the effectiveness of:

A) Kidney function.

B) Lung ventilation.

C) Phosphate buffers.

D) Bicarbonate buffers.

B) Lung ventilation.

55) The kidneys respond to acid-base disturbances by:

A) Adjusting Paco2 levels.

B) Producing phosphate buffers.

C) Producing protein buffers.

D) excreting or reabsorbing hydrogen or bicarbonate

D) excreting or reabsorbing hydrogen or bicarbonate

56) If your patient is breathing rapidly his body is attempting to:

A) Retain carbon dioxide.

B) Get rid of excess carbon dioxide.

C) Improve the buffering ability of bicarbonate.

D) Produce more carbonic acid

B) Get rid of excess carbon dioxide.

57) 4. If your patient has a higher-than-normal pH, you would expect to also see:

A) High Paco2 and high bicarbonate.

B) Low Paco2 and high bicarbonate.

C) Low bicarbonate and high Paco0.

D) Low Paco2 and low bicarbonate

B) Low Paco2 and high bicarbonate.

58) The laboratory reports the following arterial blood gases (ABGs) results for your pa-tient; pH, 7:33; Paco2, 40 mm Hg; and bicarbonate, 20mEq/L. You interpret these results as:

A) Respiratory acidosis.

B) Metabolic acidosis.

C) Respiratory alkalosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis

B) Metabolic acidosis.

59) A colleague hands you these ABG results: pH, 7.52; Paco2, 47 mm Hg; and bicarbonate, 36mEq/L. You interpret these results as:

A) Normal.

B) Respiratory acidosis.

C) Respiratory alkalosis with respirator, compensation.

D) Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation.

D) Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation.

60) Water intoxication can be caused by:

A) Administering too much hypertonic fluid.

B) Administering too much hypotonic fluid.

C) Encouraging fluid intake.

D) Administering too much isotonic fluid.

B) Administering too much hypotonic fluid.

61) In addition to its responsibility for fluid balance, sodium is also responsible for:

A) Good eyesight and vitamin balance.

B) Bone structure.

C) Impulse transmission.

D) Muscle mass.

C) Impulse transmission.

62) Increased serum sodium levels cause thirst and the release of:

A) Potassium into the cells.

B) Fluid into the interstitium.

C) ADH into the bloodstream

D) Aldosterone into the kidneys

C) ADH into the bloodstream

63) Magnesium is an important electrolyte because it:

A) Helps control urine volume.

B) Promotes the production of growth hormone.

C) Promotes bone growth and strength.

D) Assists in neuromuscular transmission

D) Assists in neuromuscular transmission

64) Your patient with Crohn's disease develops tremors while receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Suspecting she might have hypomagnesemia, you assess her neuromuscular system. You should expect to see:

A) Homans' sign.

B) Elevated serum potassium.

C) Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes (DTRs).

D) Hypoactive DTRs.

C) Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes (DTRs).

65) Albumin affects calcium levels by:

A) Blocking phosphorus absorption, which prevents calcium excretion.

B) Binding with calcium, which makes calcium ineffective.

C) Inhibiting magnesium uptake, which prevents calcium absorption.

D) Affecting pH level.

B) Binding with calcium, which makes calcium ineffective.

66) Hypocalcemia involves a dysfunction of:

A) Calcitonin.

B) Antidiuretic hormone.

C) Growth hormone.

D) PTH.

D) PTH.

67) You're told during shift report that your patient has a positive Chvostek's sign. You would expect his laboratory tests results to reveal:

A) Total serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dl.

B) Total serum calcium level above 10.1 mg/dl.

C) Ionized calcium level above 5.1 mg/dl.

D) Ionized calcium level between 4.5 and 5.1 mg/dl.

A) Total serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dl.

68) your patient has hyperphosphatemia, he may also have the secondary electrolyte disturbance:

A) Hypermagnesemia.

B) Hypocalcemia.

C) Hypernatremia.

D) Hyperkalemia.

B) Hypocalcemia.

69) Many of the signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia are related to:

A) Low energy stores.

B) Hypercalcemia

C) Extensive dieresis.

D) Hypocalcemia.

A) Low energy stores.

70) The binding of phosphorus and calcium in a patient with hyperphosphatemia can lead to:

A) Increased calcium release by the kidneys.

B) widespread calcification of tissues

C) Decreased calcium uptake by the pituitary gland.

D) Increased production of PTH.

B) widespread calcification of tissues

71) Chloride is primarily produced by the:

A) Brain.

B) Kidneys.

C) Heart.

D) Stomach

D) Stomach

72) If the level of bicarbonate ions increases, the level of chloride ions:

A) Increases.

B) Decreases.

C) Stay the same

B) Decreases.

73) If a patient has a low serum chloride level, what acid-base imbalance would you expect to see?

A) Respiratory acidosis

B) Metabolic acidosis

C) Metabolic alkalosis

D) Respiratory alkalosis

C) Metabolic alkalosis

74) The body compensates for chronic respiratory alkalosis by:

A) Increasing excretion of bicarbonate.

B) Decreasing excretion of bicarbonate.

C) increasing Paco2

D) decreasing Paco2

A) Increasing excretion of bicarbonate.

75) You're taking care of a patient with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. You expect to see signs of chronic respiratory acidosis m the patient's ABG results. What do you look for?

A) Increasing pH

B) Increased Paco2

C) Increased bicarbonate

D) Decreased bicarbonate

C) Increased bicarbonate

76) If your patient's nasogastric (NG) tube is attached to suction, you know the patient may develop metabolic alkalosis. You expect that his ABG results will show:

A) Decreased pH. Increased Paco2 and decreased bicarbonate.

B) Increased pH. Increased Paco2, and increased bicarbonate.

C) Decreased pH, decreased Paco2, and decreased bicarbonate.

D) Increased pH, decreased Paco2, and no change in bicarbonate

B) Increased pH. Increased Paco2, and increased bicarbon¬ate.

77) When assessing a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). You detect Kussmaul's respirations. You realize the body is in:

A) Respiratory alkalosis with compensation.

B) Respiratory acidosis with compensation.

C) Metabolic alkalosis with compensation.

D) Metabolic acidosis with compensation

D) Metabolic acidosis with compensation

78) In a patient with COPD, the primary imbalance is likely to be:

A) Respiratory alkalosis.

B) Respiratory acidosis.

C) Metabolic alkalosis.

D) Metabolic acidosis.

B) Respiratory acidosis.

79) When the body senses hypoxemia or hypercapnia, the brains respiratory center responds by:

A) Slowing down the respiratory rate.

B) Decreasing the heart rate.

C) Increasing the depth and rate of respirations.

D) Increasing the heart rate.

C) Increasing the depth and rate of respirations.

80) Respiratory alkalosis can develop from:

A) Hyperventilation.

B) Excessive vomiting.

C) Prolonged use of antacids.

D) Decreased respiratory rate.

A) Hyperventilation

81) A patient with respiratory failure should limit his intake of:

A) Protein.

B) Carbohydrates

C) Water.

D) Sodium

B) Carbohydrates

82) A patient with fluid losses from the upper GI tract is likely to suffer from which of the following imbalances?

A) Metabolic alkalosis

B) Metabolic acidosis

C) Respiratory acidosis

D) Metabolic acidosis

A) Metabolic alkalosis

83) Which of the following is the optimal diet for a patient with renal failure?

A) High-calorie low-protein low-sodium, low-potassium

B) High-calorie, high-protein, high-sodium, high-potassium

C) Low-calorie, high-protein, low-sodium. low-potassium

D) High-calorie, low-protein, low-sodium, high-potassium

A) High-calorie low-protein low-sodium, low-potassium

84) Laboratory results associated with acute renal failure include:

A) Increased BUN level and decreased serum creatinine level.

B) Decreased BUN level and increased urine output.

C) Increased BUN and serum creatinine levels.

D) Increased BUN level and increased urine output.

C) Increased BUN and serum creatinine levels.

85) Hypertonic solutions cause fluids to move from the:

A) Interstitial space to the intracellular space.

B) Intracellular space to the extracellular space.

C) Extracellular space to the intracellular space.

D) Intracellular space to the interstitial space.

B) Intracellular space to the extracellular space.

86) Hypotonic fluids should not be used for a patient with:

A) Increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

B) DKA whose blood glucose level is 200 mg/dl or more

C) Blood loss as a result of trauma.

D) Water replacement.

A) Increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

87) Which of the following is a sign of an allergy to I.V. tubing?

A) Shortness of breath

B) Dry throat

C) Slow, bounding pulse

D) Hypertension

A) Shortness of breath

88) When a hypotonic solution is infused into the blood stream, it causes the cells to:

A) Shrink.

B) Swell.

C) Release chloride.

D) Release potassium.

B) Swell.

89) Hypertonic solutions should be used cautiously in patients with:

A) Cancer or bums.

B) Cardiac or renal disease.

C) Respiratory or GI disease.

D) Hepatic or renal disease.

B) Cardiac or renal disease

90) A construction worker labors outside in 90° F (32.2° C) temperatures. What hormone will his body release in larger quantities to help ham retain water?

A) Insulin

B) Antidiuretic hormone

C) Renin

D) Cortisol

B) Antidiuretic hormone

91) A 29-year-old patient comes to the emergency department after being involved in a motor vehicle accident. Chest radiography reveals a tight pneumothorax. You interpret his arterial blood gas results as respiratory acidosis. Why?

A) His pH is low; Paco2 is high, and bicarbonate is normal.

B) His pH is loss~ Paco2 is loss; and bicarbonate is low.

C) His pH is low, Paco2 is high, and bicarbonate is low.

D) His pH is high, Paco2 is low, and bicarbonate is low

A) His pH is low; Paco2 is high, and bicarbonate is normal.

92) A patient with Alzheimer's disease is admitted with suspected dehydration after her daughter reports that the patient has refused to drink anything for the past 3 days. The doctor orders several laboratory tests. Which laboratory test result is most expected with dehydration?

A) Urine specific gravity of 1.005

B) Serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L

C) Hematocrit of 38%

D) Serum creatinine level of 0.8 to 1.5 mg/dl

B) Serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L

93) A 53-year-old homeless person is admitted with dehydration. Which type of I.V. fluid should be avoided when treating this patient?

A) Isotonic fluid

B) Colloid fluid

C) Hypotonic fluid

D) Hypertonic fluid

D) Hypertonic fluid

94) A patient diagnosed with lung cancer develops syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, which puts him at risk for hyponatremia Which serum sodium level indicates hyponatremia

A) 128 mEq/L

B) 135 mEq/L

C) 142 mEq/L

D) 150 mEq/L

A) 128 mEq/L

95) A 35-year-old man with a history of food poisoning and subsequent vomiting complains of weakness, palpitations, abdominal pain, and cramping. His body temperature is 99.6° F (37.6° C). Electrocardiogram results show irregularities. Which imbalance is he most likely to have?

A) Hypervolemia

B) Hypokalemia

C) Acidosis

D) Hyperchloremia

B) Hypokalemia

96) A 28-year-old patient is seen in the obstetrics clinic with a blood pressure of 220/130 mm Hg and abnormal reflexes. The nurse-midwife caring for her suspects pre-eclampsia. A urinalysis for protein is ordered immediately, and proteinuria is detected. The patient is transported to the obstetric unit in the medical center. On admission, the nurse assesses the patient's deep tendon reflexes as 4+. This value means the reflexes are:

A) Normal and active.

B) Present but diminished.

C) Slow to respond.

D) Hyperactive.

D) Hyperactive.

97) Which finding suggests that a patient has received too much magnesium sulfate?

A) Muscle weakness

B) Tetany

C) Tachycardia

D) Hyperreflexia

A) Muscle weakness

98) A 36-year-old woman with a history of hyperthyroidism has undergone a total thyroidectomy after surgery; she experiences hypotension, irritability, and circumoral paresthesia. Her surgical wound has well-approximated borders, no bleeding, and minimal swelling. Her speech and breathing are unimpaired Based on the patient's signs and symptoms, her serum calcium level is likely to be:

A) Greater than 10.1 mg/dl.

B) 10 mg/dl.

C) 9 mg/dl.

D) 8 mg/dl

D) 8 mg/dl

99) A public health nurse in a homeless shelter assesses a 57-year-old man with chronic alcoholism. He has a productive cough and a low-grade fever. He is 5'10" (1.8 m) and weighs 135 lb (61.2 kg). The nurse's nutritional assessment reveals he's malnourished. The patient is admitted to a respiratory isolation room in a community hospital because tuberculosis is suspected. Based on his history of alcohol abuse, you expect his serum phosphorous level to be:

A) Below normal.

B) Above normal.

C) In the normal range.

D) Unaffected.

A) Below normal.

100) A 10-year-old girl who recently returned from traveling abroad complains that she's experienced frequent episodes of diarrhea and weakness for the last 3 days. She's diagnosed with gastroenteritis. Her temperature is 102.4 F (39.1 C), her pulses are weak, and her blood pressure is 76/40 mm Hg. She has poor skin turgor, low urine output, and dry mucous membranes. Serum laboratory studies reveal the child's chloride level to be 88mEq/L. The direct cause of the child's hypochloremia is most likely:

A) Fever.

B) Low urine output.

C) Diarrhea.

D) Dry mucous membranes

C) Diarrhea.