History of Psych - Exam 2

Alfred Wallace

Had theory about natural selection around the same time as Darwin, who was waiting to publish his work

Mamie and Kenneth Clark

racial identity in children, Brown vs Board of Education

Alphonse de Candolle

Emphasized environmental factors

NBA example

Nearly 50% of NBA players are related to a professional athlete

Darwin

curious and warm personality, early interest in nature

FI – Fixed Interval

determined time

FR – Fixed Ratio

determined responses

VI – Variable Interval

Varying time

Faria

skeptical of the general magnetic theory, trance states could be induced without using magnetic equipment

VR – Variable Ratio

varying responses

Galton

Anthropometric lab, beauty map of British Aisles, cake cutting science

Theory of Eminence

Galton, genetic lines of eminence, environmental influences are not a factor,

Neubauer

Twin studies, results at Yale, advantage of socioeconomic influences

Complementary of the Sexes

Darwin, men and women are different but complement each other

Variation Hypothesis

Darwin, males have been modified more by evolution and thus have more variability

Comparative Psychology

Darwin, looking at psychology in animals to learn about humans

Uniformitarianism

Lyell, major features of the Earth resulted from slow but consistent processes, against catastrophicism

Catastrophicism

Earth’s features occurred suddenly (biblical), Ussher and FitzRoy agreed with it

Thomas Malthus

economist and demographer, believed most would be in poverty because population but not food production is going up, influenced Darwin and his theory of natural selection

“The Origin of Species”

Charles Darwin, evolution through natural selection

“The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex”

Charles Darwin, sexual selection - evolution of characteristics that are favorable for reproductive success

“The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals”

Charles Darwin, emotions link mental state with bodily movement

“A Biographical Sketch of an Infant”

Charles Darwin, empirical observations about his son

polygenesis

Darwin supported, other races are other species so they don’t have shared ancestory

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer, politics and society evolves through natural selection

Golden Ration

1:1.6

“Hereditary Genius”

Galton, influential but inconclusive about nature over nurture with intelligence and eminence

“English Men of Science”

Galton, where the words “nature vs nurture” were coined, reports on results of self-questionnaire

Psychology of Individual Differences

Galton, measurements of different psychological characteristics rather than categories and classifications

Eugenics

Galton, artificial selection

Standard Deviation

Galton, a statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

Regression to the Mean

Galton, the phenomenon where extreme observations tend to be closer to the average on subsequent measurements.

Self-Questionnaire Method

Method created by Galton

Normal Distribution

Quetlet, bell-shaped

BMI

Quetlet and the “less perfect person”

Pearson’s r

Pearson, strength of a linear relationship

Cyril Burt

twin studies that showed the high heritability of intelligence with environment as a secondary factor, fabricated data (Burt and Jensen Affair)

Henry James

father of William, horror writer, movie made on his work, The Turn of the Screw

Henry James Jr.

brother of William, also wrote horror

Alice James

Sister of William, wrote about her life in her diary

The Principles of Psychology

William James, Created intellectual climate receptive to the new psychology field, the leading English-language psychology textbook

Pragmaticism

William James, Nothing can truly be certain, even with science. There are ideas that work with life, but truth is not known

Stream of Consciousness

William James, introspection doesn’t work

Habit

James, influenced by Bain, what keeps you going

Free Will

James, influenced by Renouvier, The power of choice, an act of will uses mental effort

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

emotion is a consequence - rather than a cause - of bodily changes associated with it

G. Stanley Hall Achievements

founds APA; established American Journal of Psychology; first US lab - at Johns Hopkins;

G. Stanley Hall Schooling

Wundt's first American student; first PhD in experimental psych;

G. Stanley Hall’s Studies

Founder of childhood development and adolescent development

Recapitulation

Hall, belief that the individual stages of development that we go through are the same stages that our pre-human ancestors went through as they developed into humans

Francis Cecil Sumner

Hall’s last PhD student; first African American to get a doctorate in psychology

African American Psychologists

Clark, Clark, and Sumner

Edward Lee Thorndike

James contemporary; chicken and cat puzzle boxes, aligned with behaviorism

Trial-and-error learning

Thorndike, occasionally successful and gradually more precise

Law of Effect

Thorndike, stimulus-response sequences followed by pleasure tend to be strengthened or “stamped in” and vice versa

Mary Whiton Calkins

student of James; memory and paired associations; President of APA, but still NO PhD!; self-psychology; first lab for women

Edna Heidbreder

author of Seven Psychologies; "most distinguished woman psychologist in the country..."

Pavlov

Inspired by St. Martin and digestion, Nobel prize 1904, be systematic

Generalization

Pavlov, when a similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus can create the same reaction

Differentiation

Pavlov, teaching to differentiate stimuli not to get the same response, can lead to experimental neuroses

Experimental neuroses

Pavlov, neurotic, anxiety-like symptoms when there is an ambiguous stimulus

Excitation

Pavlov, brain localization, activation of neurons that are the cause of conditioned reflexes

Inhibition

Pavlov, brain localization, suppression of response when stimuli are not relevant

John BROADUS Watson

with Rosalie Rayner, future wife: conducted Little Albert experiment; Behaviorism "in place of introspection..."

Watson emotions

Fear, Rage, Love (innate, in children)

Watson’s teachings

don’t show affection, you can rear a child into whoever you want them to be through behaviorism, bad results for his own children

Abcs

Watson, antecedent-behavior-consequence

Radical environmentalism

Watson, environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than hereditary in determining behavior

Worked with advertising

Watson, smoking, toothpaste, etc.

Mary Cover Jones

Little Peter and rabbits, and exposure therapy

Systematic desensitization

Jones, A deconditioning technique where a pleasant stimulus is presented at the same time as the fear-evoking stimulus

Latent learning

Tolman, incidental learning without immediate reinforcement, becomes obvious only at a later time

Purposive behaviorism

Tolman, all behavior is purposive or goal-directed

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Operant Conditioning; Walden Two author; operant chamber/Skinner Box

abCs

Skinner, antecedent, behavior, consequence

Shaping

Skinner,  a process that builds up complicated sequences of simple responses

Skinner’s reinforcement schedules

Fixed/Variable is about events, Interval/Ratio is about time

Franz Anton Mesmer

animal magnetism, baquet, discredited Gassner and his exorcisms

Animal magnetism

Mesmerism, magnetic force field that can be misaligned or weakened which results in illness, the theory used to explain what is now called hypnosis

Maximillian Hell

Took credit for patient healed by Mesmer,

Maria Theresia Paradis

said her blindness was healed by Mesmer but she remained blind for the rest of her life

Social contagion

the spread of ideas in a group through imitation and conformity

Social facilitation

How the presence of others affects an individual’s performance (tasks known well improve, tasks not know deteriorate)

Artificial somnambulism

Puysegur, peaceful, sleeplike trance state that could be induced in magnetic therapy, perfect crisis = increased suggestibility

Posthypnotic amnesia

Puysegur, Phenomenon of forgetting events that unfolded during trance state upon awakening

Posthypnotic suggestion

Puysegur, completion of suggested act after “awakening” from trance state; subject also forgets having been instructed to perform the act and will often fabricate a plausible, but incorrect, explanation

Faria's Lucid Sleep

Faria’s term for form of artificial somnambulism in which person goes into deep trance state

Esdaile

mesmeric techniques and anesthesia properties in India 

James Braid

confirmed Faria and Puysegur's work; coined the term hypnotism and helped it get scientific respectability

Nancy School

Founded by Liébeault and Bernheim, susceptibility = suggestibility = increases hypnotism, hypnosis is a normal psychological state that can happen in any healthy person

Salpetriere School

Founded by Charcot, hysteria treated by hypnotism, only those with certain pathological conditions (hysterics) are susceptible to hypnosis

Blanche Whittmann

Patient of Salpetriere school, Queen of the Hysterics

“The Crowd”

Le Bon,  likened the irrational characteristics of crow behavior to hypnosis

Group fallacy

Le Bon, Notion that groups or crowds can constitute superordinate entities, or “group minds”

Le Bon’s 3 aspects

Affirmation, Repetition, Social contagion

Asch

Social conformity and obedience experiments (elevator)

Cognitive dissonance

Festinger, the experience of holding two or more incompatible or contradictory beliefs, which produces an uncomfortable state of dissonance that one is motivated to relieve

Stanford prison experiment

Zimbardo, prison simulation, guards became sadistic and cruel, prisoners became depressed and hopeless, evil behavior can be situational not necessarily dispositioned, deindividuation

Chapter 8 psychologists

James, Hall, Thorndike, Calkin, Heidbreder

Principles of Geology

Lyell