Endocrine Glands

Week 5: Thursday, September 25th:

the skin covers, prtects, and communicates information. for maintenance, it uses sunlight to produce _______ precursor

calciferol (vitamin D)

_______ produce and secrete chemical signals to communicate with themselves,neighboring cells, and cells at a distance

body cells

_______ produces tropic hormones that stimualte target organs/glands to release their hormones

anterior pituitary gland

true or false: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates thyroid hormones and decreases metabolism

false. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates thurpid hormones and increases metabolism

true or false: growth hormone (GH) increaes body growth/mass, protein synthesis, and fat metabolism; and stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I)

true

true or false: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates follicle growth, estrogen, and sperm

false. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex hormones

true or false: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stumulates follicle growth, estrogen, and sperm

true

true or false: lutenizing hormone (LH) stimulates milk and mammary glands

false. lutenizing hormine (LH) stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum, steroid hormones

true or false: prolactin (PR) stimulates milk and mammary glands

true

_______ is posterior to the hypothalamus and produces melatonin, which controls sleep/wake patterns

pineal gland 

_______ releases hormones that regulate growth adn metabolism

thyroid gland

_______ is a thyroid hormone responsible for growth to adult stature, increase tissue protein availability, cartilage to bone conversion stimulation for growth and dardening, and permissive/synergistic relationship with GH and GF and GH release

triiodothyronine (T3) 

_______ works with T3 to promote neural development before adn after birth, and maintains their function in adulthood

tetraiodothyronine (T4) 

_______ is a thyroid gland disorder involving low thyroid hormone levels that causes retardation and children, lack of energy, speech and memory problems, psychosis, and decreased sensory capacity

Hypothyroidism 

_______ is a symptom of hypothyroidism involving short stature and bone malformation

Cretinism

_______ is a thyroid gland disorder involving high thyroid hormone levels that causes hyperexcitability, irritability, exaggerated sensory responses, and restlessness

Hyperthyroidism 

_______ is a symptom of hypothyroidism that involves long stature and bone malformation

Gigantism 

For maintenance, the thyroid gland releases _______ to decrease calcium level levels by acting on bone and kidneys

Calcitonin

As a stress response, the thyroid gland increases _______ use for energy

Glucose

_______ releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases calcium levels, and decreases calcium levels in body fluids by acting on bone kidneys and intestine for maintenance

Parathyroid gland

_______ is the outer layer of the adrenal gland; responsible for maintenance

Adrenal gland cortex

_______ is released by the adrenal gland cortex, and  controlled sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and water levels in body fluids

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

_______ is released by the adrenal gland cortex, and  maintain nutrient reserves, makes nutrients available for energy when needed, controlled water levels, decreases response, and reduces inflammation

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

_______ is released by the adrenal gland cortex, and maintains reproductive functions

Steroids (androgens)

_______ is the region of the pancreas that releases endocrine cells

Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) 

the Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) releases _______ for glucose and ________for fat and protein used for metabolism

Insulin, glucagon 

the Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) releases _______ to control insulin and glue gun activity and digestion, and inhibit GH

Somatostatin  

true or false: the ovaries produce and release human chorionic gonadotripin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL)

false. the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone

in the ovaries, _______ is responsble for female sexual behavior, typical features, and increases protein synthesis

estrogen 

in the ovaries, _______ is responsble for preparing the uterus for pregnancy and breasts for milk

progesterone

in the placenta, the embryo produces _______, which maintains corpus lutem and reduces mother’s immune response

human chorionic gonadotripin (hCG)

the placenta produces _______, which is responsible for mammary gland development, regulating bother’s blood glucose, fat, and protein for fetus development

human placental lactogen (hPL)

in the placenta, _______ is responsible for uterine growth and breast development, and _______ is responsible foruterin eline maintenance during pregnancy

estrogen, progesterone

the testes produce _______, which is responsible for sexual behavior, pattern of development before birth, and typical features after birth

testosterone 

the _______ produces releasing hormones that stimulates secreting hormones from the adenohypopsis

hypothalamus

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OXT), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are released from the _______ of the hypothalamus

paraventricular nucleus

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the _______ of the hypothalamus

arcuate nucleus

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin (STT), and dopamine adn prolactin inhibiitng factor (PIF) are released from  _______ of the hypothalamus

another nucleus

_______, which is produced and stored in the posterior pituitary gland, increases blood pressure, controls reproductive behavior, and increases water retension by acting on kidneys

vasopressin (AVP/ADH)

_______, which is produced and stored in the posterior pituitary gland, is responsible for uterine contractions, milk ejection, and controls reproductive behavior

oxytocin (OXT)

the _______ is the inner layer of the adrenal gland

adrenal gland medulla

the adrenal gland medulla is stimulated by _______ to release _______ and _______, which controls fight or flight response

sympathetic nerves, epinephrine, norepinephrine

_______ are exocrine gland cells that synthesize, store, adn secrete digestive enzymes: proteases, lipasees, and amylases

pancreas (acinar cells)

the _______ releases insulin-like growth factor (IGF), which works with GH to maintain growth, and moblizines nutrients for energry as a stress response

liver

the stomach releases _______, which promotes acid secretion for protein digestion

gastrin

the small intestine releases _______, and _______, which are responsible for gastric mobility and emptying

motilin, ghrelin

the small intestine releases _______, which ascts on the pancreas and gall bladder to increase protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine

choecystokinin (CCK)

the small intestine releases _______, which acts on the pancreas and gall bladder to increase small intestine pH

secretin

the small intestine releases _______ and _______, which decreases digestive activity in the stomach and small intestine

neurotensin, polypeptide YY (PYY)

the small intestine releases _______, which inhibits gastric activity and increases insulin secretion

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

for energy balance post digestion, the small intestine releases _______, which controls nutrient delivery adn blood nutrient levels after a meal

glucagon-like peptides (GLP)

the _______ are inferior to the adrenal gland; responsible for maintenance

kidneys

for maintenance, _______ acts on the intestine and bones to increase blood calcium, which occurs in the kidneys

calcitrol (vitamin D)

for maintenance, _______ increases red blood cells, which occurs in the kidneys

erythropoietin