STARTER FOR CELLS AND GENOMES

Aristotle

________- vital heat from semen provided capacity to produce offspring.

Humors

________- body part that served as bearers of hereditary traits.

PCSK9 protein

________ binds to LDL receptors on liver cells, receptors return to cell surface and remove LDL.

Matthias Schleiden

________ and Theodor Schwann- cell theory, all organisms are composed of cell from pre- existing cells.

Paralogs

________- related genes result of gene duplication, diff functions.

Danio rerio

________- transparent for first 2 weeks of its life.

Alleles

________- alternative forms of a gene.

Louis Pasteur

________- disproved spontaneous generation.

Cell

________- the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.

Mutation

________- alteration in DNA, source of new alleles.

Translational medicine

________- a process in genetic findings are directly translated into new methods.

Enzymes

________- largest category of proteins, biological catalysts, lowering energy of activation.

Genome

________- the set of hereditary information encoded in the DNA of an organism, including both protein- coding & non- protein coding sequences.

Drosophila melanogaster

________- proof of existence of gene.

Animals

________ were domesticated and selective breeding.

Sexual reproduction

________ is example of horizontal gene transfer.

Charles Darwin

________-"origin of species.

DNA segment

________ shuffling- 2 existing genes rejoin to become hybrid.

Saccharomyyces cerivisiae

________- fungi, reproduce vegetatively or sexually, small genome.

Orthologs

________- 2 separate species from same ancestral gene.

Collagen

________- connective tissue.

Insulin

________- pancreatic hormone.

Gene

________- A DNA sequence coding for a single polypeptide.

Gregor Johann Mendel

________- general model of how traits are inherited.

RNA

________ is single- stranded.

Polytene chromosome

________- giant chromosome, due to many rounds of replication w /o cell division.

Kit gene

________- same mutation with mice, pigment cells.

Intragenic mutation

________- gene is modified because of error during replication.

Horizontal transfer

________- DNA is transferred to genome of another cell, sometimes species.

Mutant b globin

________ causes hemoglobin molecules to polymerize when oxygen is low.

Mutant genes

________- used as markers, location of genes on chromosome.

Horizontal gene transfer

________- responsible for penicillin- resistant gonorrhea.

Theory of Natural Selection

________ (Charles Darwin)- populations more offspring than environment= struggle for survival= heritable traits to adapt.

Preformation theory

________- complete miniature adult, a homunculus.

Human

________ and mice have similar genes and development.

Mutation

________ in gene encoding B- globin causes amine acid substitution in 1 of 146 amino acids in the protein.

Cell

the basic structural and functional unit of all living things

Genome

the set of hereditary information encoded in the DNA of an organism, including both protein-coding & non-protein coding sequences

Gene

A DNA sequence coding for a single polypeptide

Prokaryotes

e coli

Archaebacteria

extremely high conditions

Kit gene

same mutation with mice, pigment cells

Arabidopsis thaliana

grown indoors, large numbers

Drosophila melanogaster

proof of existence of gene

Polytene chromosome

giant chromosome, due to  many rounds of replication w/o cell division

Caenorhabditis elegans

hermaphroditic, short life span

Saccharomyyces cerivisiae

fungi, reproduce vegetatively or sexually, small genome

Danio rerio

transparent for first 2 weeks of its life

Xenpus laevisn

frog, vertebrate development

Intragenic mutation

gene is modified because of error during replication

Gene duplication

give rise to families of related genes

DNA segment shuffling

2 existing genes rejoin to become hybrid

Horizontal transfer

DNA is transferred to genome of another cell, sometimes species

Orthologs

2 separate species from same ancestral gene

Paralogs

related genes result of gene duplication, diff functions

Viruses

bacteriphages

Horizontal gene transfer

responsible for penicillin-resistant gonorrhea

Mutation

alteration in DNA, source of new alleles

Conserved regions

unchanged subregions within the gene, most important

Human Genome Project

international scientific research project, goal is to determine sequence of human dna, mapping all genes of human genome

Translational medicine

a process in genetic findings are directly translated into new methods

Familial hypercholesterolemia

high LDL cholesterol levels

Cultivation of plants

5000 bc

Humors

body part that served as bearers of hereditary traits

Aristotle

vital heat from semen provided capacity to produce offspring

Theory of epigenesis (William Harvey)

organism develops from fertilized embryo to adult by developmental events

Preformation theory

complete miniature adult, a homunculus

Theory of Natural Selection (Charles Darwin)

populations more offspring than environment= struggle for survival= heritable traits to adapt

The Chrosome Theory of Inheritance (Walter sutton and Theodore Boveri)

inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in the chromosome transmitted through gametes for genetic continuity

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

cell theory, all organisms are composed of cell from pre-existing cells

Louis Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation

Charles Darwin

"origin of species"

How a new species form

population is isolated, variations of inherited traits accumulate

Gregor Johann Mendel

general model of how traits are inherited

Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich Tschermak

enlightened mendels work

Alleles

alternative forms of a gene

Mutant genes

used as markers, location of genes on chromosome

Why proteins as carriers of genetic information

proteins universal distribution

Avery, Macleod, and McCarty

DNA is carrier of genetic information

James Watsona nd Francis Crick

structure of DNA

Difference of DNA and RNA

contains different sugar in its nucleotides and uracil instead of thymine for nitrogenous base

Enzymes

largest category of proteins, biological catalysts, lowering energy of activation

Hemoglobin

oxugen in RBCs

Insulin

pancreatic hormone

Collagen

connective tissue

Actin and yosin

contractile muscle proteins