Aristotle
________- vital heat from semen provided capacity to produce offspring.
Humors
________- body part that served as bearers of hereditary traits.
PCSK9 protein
________ binds to LDL receptors on liver cells, receptors return to cell surface and remove LDL.
Matthias Schleiden
________ and Theodor Schwann- cell theory, all organisms are composed of cell from pre- existing cells.
Paralogs
________- related genes result of gene duplication, diff functions.
Danio rerio
________- transparent for first 2 weeks of its life.
Alleles
________- alternative forms of a gene.
Louis Pasteur
________- disproved spontaneous generation.
Cell
________- the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.
Mutation
________- alteration in DNA, source of new alleles.
Translational medicine
________- a process in genetic findings are directly translated into new methods.
Enzymes
________- largest category of proteins, biological catalysts, lowering energy of activation.
Genome
________- the set of hereditary information encoded in the DNA of an organism, including both protein- coding & non- protein coding sequences.
Drosophila melanogaster
________- proof of existence of gene.
Animals
________ were domesticated and selective breeding.
Sexual reproduction
________ is example of horizontal gene transfer.
Charles Darwin
________-"origin of species.
DNA segment
________ shuffling- 2 existing genes rejoin to become hybrid.
Saccharomyyces cerivisiae
________- fungi, reproduce vegetatively or sexually, small genome.
Orthologs
________- 2 separate species from same ancestral gene.
Collagen
________- connective tissue.
Insulin
________- pancreatic hormone.
Gene
________- A DNA sequence coding for a single polypeptide.
Gregor Johann Mendel
________- general model of how traits are inherited.
RNA
________ is single- stranded.
Polytene chromosome
________- giant chromosome, due to many rounds of replication w /o cell division.
Kit gene
________- same mutation with mice, pigment cells.
Intragenic mutation
________- gene is modified because of error during replication.
Horizontal transfer
________- DNA is transferred to genome of another cell, sometimes species.
Mutant b globin
________ causes hemoglobin molecules to polymerize when oxygen is low.
Mutant genes
________- used as markers, location of genes on chromosome.
Horizontal gene transfer
________- responsible for penicillin- resistant gonorrhea.
Theory of Natural Selection
________ (Charles Darwin)- populations more offspring than environment= struggle for survival= heritable traits to adapt.
Preformation theory
________- complete miniature adult, a homunculus.
Human
________ and mice have similar genes and development.
Mutation
________ in gene encoding B- globin causes amine acid substitution in 1 of 146 amino acids in the protein.
Cell
the basic structural and functional unit of all living things
Genome
the set of hereditary information encoded in the DNA of an organism, including both protein-coding & non-protein coding sequences
Gene
A DNA sequence coding for a single polypeptide
Prokaryotes
e coli
Archaebacteria
extremely high conditions
Kit gene
same mutation with mice, pigment cells
Arabidopsis thaliana
grown indoors, large numbers
Drosophila melanogaster
proof of existence of gene
Polytene chromosome
giant chromosome, due to many rounds of replication w/o cell division
Caenorhabditis elegans
hermaphroditic, short life span
Saccharomyyces cerivisiae
fungi, reproduce vegetatively or sexually, small genome
Danio rerio
transparent for first 2 weeks of its life
Xenpus laevisn
frog, vertebrate development
Intragenic mutation
gene is modified because of error during replication
Gene duplication
give rise to families of related genes
DNA segment shuffling
2 existing genes rejoin to become hybrid
Horizontal transfer
DNA is transferred to genome of another cell, sometimes species
Orthologs
2 separate species from same ancestral gene
Paralogs
related genes result of gene duplication, diff functions
Viruses
bacteriphages
Horizontal gene transfer
responsible for penicillin-resistant gonorrhea
Mutation
alteration in DNA, source of new alleles
Conserved regions
unchanged subregions within the gene, most important
Human Genome Project
international scientific research project, goal is to determine sequence of human dna, mapping all genes of human genome
Translational medicine
a process in genetic findings are directly translated into new methods
Familial hypercholesterolemia
high LDL cholesterol levels
Cultivation of plants
5000 bc
Humors
body part that served as bearers of hereditary traits
Aristotle
vital heat from semen provided capacity to produce offspring
Theory of epigenesis (William Harvey)
organism develops from fertilized embryo to adult by developmental events
Preformation theory
complete miniature adult, a homunculus
Theory of Natural Selection (Charles Darwin)
populations more offspring than environment= struggle for survival= heritable traits to adapt
The Chrosome Theory of Inheritance (Walter sutton and Theodore Boveri)
inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in the chromosome transmitted through gametes for genetic continuity
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
cell theory, all organisms are composed of cell from pre-existing cells
Louis Pasteur
disproved spontaneous generation
Charles Darwin
"origin of species"
How a new species form
population is isolated, variations of inherited traits accumulate
Gregor Johann Mendel
general model of how traits are inherited
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich Tschermak
enlightened mendels work
Alleles
alternative forms of a gene
Mutant genes
used as markers, location of genes on chromosome
Why proteins as carriers of genetic information
proteins universal distribution
Avery, Macleod, and McCarty
DNA is carrier of genetic information
James Watsona nd Francis Crick
structure of DNA
Difference of DNA and RNA
contains different sugar in its nucleotides and uracil instead of thymine for nitrogenous base
Enzymes
largest category of proteins, biological catalysts, lowering energy of activation
Hemoglobin
oxugen in RBCs
Insulin
pancreatic hormone
Collagen
connective tissue
Actin and yosin
contractile muscle proteins