Human Physiology: Biomolecules, Proteins, and Homeostasis

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

Fructose

The helical structure within a protein describes its structure.

Secondary structure

Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not RNA?

Thymine

True or False: Phospholipids form the fatty, semipermeable bilayer of cell membranes.

True

What is NOT a function of proteins?

Storage of genetic information in their primary amino acid sequence

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA?

Mitochondrial

Which RNA diffuses out of the nucleus to ribosomes and contains codons?

mRNA

The order of nucleotide bases in a gene determines a protein's structure.

Primary

True or False: Lipid molecules are insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

True

True or False: A fatty acid with multiple double bonds is a saturated fatty acid.

False

True or False: Differences between amino acids are due to differences in their R-groups.

True

True or False: DNA has a simpler structure than most proteins.

True

True or False: Only DNA and mRNA are double-stranded.

False

True or False: A sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base form a nucleic acid.

False — they form a nucleotide

True or False: Lipoproteins are found in blood plasma.

True

True or False: Phospholipids contain both polar and nonpolar regions.

True

Which interactions allow amino acids in a protein to move closer together?

Opposite charges, disulfide bonds, and hydrogen bonds

What structure does the sequence Glycine-methionine-alanine-cysteine represent?

Primary structure

What is true regarding the structure of collagen protein?

It is fibrous and has all four levels of protein structure

True or False: A protein binding only a specific molecule describes affinity.

False

Which protein interaction requires chemical bonds to be broken?

Proteolytic activation

What mechanisms can support homeostasis in the body?

Reversible ligand binding, allosteric modulation, proteolytic activation, isoforms, cofactors, and mass action

True or False: Proteins provide structural support and perform many important functions.

True

What are glycoproteins made of?

Proteins and carbohydrates

The building blocks of proteins are linked by bonds.

Amino acids; peptide bonds

What does an atomic number of 8 indicate?

The number of protons in the nucleus

Which bonds result from sharing pairs of electrons?

Covalent bonds

What are cofactors?

Non-protein substances required for a protein's biological activity

A protein binding only one kind of molecule is called:

Specificity

If blood pH decreases, what physiological response occurs?

Increased H+ leads to removal of excess CO₂ by the lungs

What happens when NaCl is placed in water?

It dissociates into Na+ and Cl− ions surrounded by water

Which fat is most likely solid at room temperature?

Saturated fat

During protein folding, which force is least likely involved?

Covalent bonds

Nucleotide strands pair because of hydrogen bonding between:

Purines and pyrimidines

When sugar is stirred into tea, sugar is the:

Solute

What are closely related proteins with similar function but different ligand affinity called?

Isoforms

What does down-regulation of proteins refer to?

Increased programmed removal of proteins

If a protein becomes unraveled and inactive, what has occurred?

The protein is denatured and excess H+ disrupted hydrogen bonding

The concept that the body maintains internal constancy is known as:

Homeostasis

The concept that describes how the body maintains internal constancy is known as:

Negative feedback

What is the correct order of events in homeostasis?

Sensor → Integrating center → Effector → Negative feedback → Return to set point

Which of the following does NOT help maintain internal constancy?

set point

During negative feedback, increasing or decreasing the activity of effectors is the role of the:

integrating center

In medicine, illness results from failure of the body to maintain constancy of the internal environment.

True

During negative feedback control, the effectors activated are usually muscles or bones.

False

An increase in blood glucose followed by a further increase in blood glucose would result from negative feedback.

False

The steroid hormones of the human body are produced from

cholesterol

The general formula of a carbohydrate molecule is

CH2O

Extra sugar in the body is stored in liver and skeletal muscle cells as a polymer known as

glycogen

The approximate number of amino acids that form proteins is

20

Table salt (Nacl) is _______. What happens when it is placed in

water?

hydrophilic; Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken and,

they each become surrounded by water molecules.

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