Fundamental Properties of Life – Vocabulary Review

18 vocabulary flashcards summarizing the eight fundamental properties of life and related cellular and developmental terms discussed in the lecture notes.

Cellular Organization

Living things are composed of one or more cells, the basic unit of structure and function.

Prokaryotic Cell

A simple cell type lacking a true nucleus; example: bacteria.

Eukaryotic Cell

A complex cell type containing membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus; examples: animal and plant cells.

Evolution

The capacity of populations of organisms to change over generations, leading to adaptation and diversity.

Sensitivity (Responsiveness)

The ability to detect and respond to physical or chemical changes in the surrounding environment to ensure survival.

Growth

An increase in size. In unicellular organisms this occurs by cell enlargement; in multicellular organisms by increase in cell number.

Development

Biological and functional changes an organism undergoes during its life cycle, including differentiation and organ formation.

Differentiation

Process during development where cells become specialized for particular functions.

Morphogenesis

The shaping of body form and structure during development.

Gene-Directed Growth

Growth and development processes that are guided by genetic information.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external fluctuations.

Regulation

Coordination and control of body functions, often through feedback mechanisms.

Feedback Mechanism

A loop system in which the body senses change and activates responses that reverse or amplify it to maintain balance.

Nervous System

Rapid regulatory system that uses electrical signals to coordinate body functions.

Endocrine System

Slower regulatory system that releases hormones to control body processes.

Reproduction

The biological process by which new individual organisms are produced, ensuring species continuity.

Embryo

Early developmental stage following fertilization and preceding the fetal stage.

Metamorphosis (e.g., Caterpillar → Butterfly)

A dramatic developmental change in form and function occurring in some organisms.