Neapolitan and Congress of Vienna Neapolitan and Congress of Vienna

What event in 1795 earned Napoleon the title 'savior of the Republic'?

He saved the Directory from counter-revolutionary forces using military force.

What was Napoleon's first major political title after the coup d'etat of 1799?

First Consul.

How did Napoleon strategically increase his power between 1799 and 1804?

He moved from First Consul to 'Consul for Life' (1802) and finally crowned himself Emperor (1804).

What was the purpose of the Plebiscite in 1800?

To give a facade of popular approval for the new constitution by allowing all adult male citizens to vote.

What was the Concordat of 1801?

An agreement with the Papacy that restored good relations with the Catholic Church.

Name two core Enlightenment ideals found in the Napoleonic Code.

Laws based on reason/common sense and the legal equality of all men.

How did the Napoleonic Code affect the feudal system?

It abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.

What was the impact of the Napoleonic Code on women?

It did not advance their rights and actually limited them compared to the early Revolution.

What does the term 'Careers Open to Talent' mean?

Promotion and positions were based on merit and ability rather than birth or noble lineage.

What are Lycées?

Government-run public schools established by Napoleon to train future officials.

Why was the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) a turning point?

The British navy defeated the French, ensuring Britain remained the dominant maritime power and safe from invasion.

Which battle is considered one of Napoleon's proudest victories?

The Battle of Austerlitz (1805).

What was the Continental System?

An economic blockade intended to isolate Britain by forbidding European allies from importing British goods.

Why did the Continental System fail?

Britain had a stronger navy, and smuggling was rampant and difficult to stop.

What was the Scorched-Earth Policy?

A Russian tactic of burning crops and villages while retreating to leave the French army with no food or shelter.

Who was the 'General' that ultimately defeated Napoleon in Russia?

'General Winter' (the extreme Russian cold).

Where was Napoleon first exiled in 1814?

The island of Elba.

What was the 'Hundred Days'?

Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815 after escaping exile.

What was Napoleon's final military defeat?

The Battle of Waterloo (1815).

Where was Napoleon's final place of exile?

St. Helena.

What was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?

To restore the balance of power in Europe and contain revolutionary upheavals.

Who was the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna?

Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria.

What are Metternich's three main goals?

1) Prevent future French aggression, 2) Restore the balance of power, 3) Restore 'legitimate' monarchs to their thrones.

Define Conservatism in the context of the Congress of Vienna.

A political philosophy that prioritizes order, stability, and tradition over revolutionary change.

What happened to the territory conquered by Napoleon?

France was deprived of all its Napoleonic conquests, returning to its 1789 borders.

What was the Germanic Confederation?

A group of 30+ states created from the previous 300, serving as a step toward German unification.

What did Russia receive as a result of the territorial adjustments?

Most of the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).

What was the Concert of Europe?

A system of alliances between great powers (1815-1914) designed to avoid war and suppress revolutions.

Which alliance formed the 'founding powers' of the Concert of Europe?

The Quadruple Alliance.

What is Legitimacy in the eyes of the Congress negotiators?

The principle of restoring hereditary monarchs who had been unseated by Napoleon.

How did Napoleon's conquests ironically lead to his downfall?

His expanding empire sparked Nationalism across Europe.

In what way was Napoleon a 'Tyrant'?

He limited freedom of the press, used a secret police, and placed family members on foreign thrones.

In what way was Napoleon a 'Hero' or 'Enlightened'?

He spread Enlightenment ideas, improved education, and made tax collection more efficient.

What is Romanticism?

An artistic and intellectual movement that favored emotion, nature, and the individual over reason and industrialism.

How did Romanticism contrast with the Enlightenment?

It rejected 'cold rationalism' in favor of passion, nostalgia, and the 'backward-looking' Middle Ages.

Which English Romantic poet wrote a poem about Napoleon's exile to Elba?

Lord Byron ('Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte').

Why was Lord Byron's tone toward Napoleon surprising?

Byron had previously viewed Napoleon as a hero but felt betrayed by his abdication.

What major 19th-century political forces ended the Concert of Europe?

Nationalism, the unification of Germany and Italy, and the 'Eastern Question'.

How did Napoleon change the social structure of the regions he conquered?

He spread the idea of legal equality and ended traditional aristocratic privileges.

What was the 'White Terror'?

A conservative reaction after the fall of Robespierre where radicals and Jacobins were targeted.