Period II–1607-1754

Spanish Colonization

Focused on wealth through gold and silver mining.

Subjugation of Natives

Natives forced to work for Spanish colonizers.

African Slavery

Replaced native labor due to high mortality rates.

Hierarchical Caste System

Social structure based on race and origin.

Mission System

Effort to convert natives to Christianity.

Pueblo Revolt

Native uprising against Spanish colonization efforts.

French Colonization

Initially sought a passage to Asia via water.

Samuel De Champlain

Founded Quebec, enhancing French presence in America.

Trade Focus

French prioritized trade over territorial conquest.

Cultural Exchange

Interaction between French and Ojibwe tribes.

Beaver Pelts

Key trade item exchanged by Native Americans.

Dutch Colonization

Sought a water passage to Asia like French.

Henry Hudson

Explorer who established New Amsterdam trading post.

Economic Goals

Dutch aimed for trade profits, not conversion.

British Colonization

Motivated by economic opportunities and land.

Enclosure Movement

Privatization of common land, displacing peasants.

Jamestown

First permanent English colony in North America.

Joint Stock Company

Financing model allowing shared investment risk.

Tobacco Cultivation

John Rolfe's successful farming led to economic growth.

Indentured Servants

Laborers contracted to work for settlement fees.

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon against Indian raids.

New England Colonies

Settled by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom.

Religious Settlements

Communities established for spiritual purposes.

Family Migration

Settlers moved in family groups for stability.

Agricultural Society

Community thriving on farming and commerce.

British West Indies

First permanent Caribbean colonies established in 1620s.

Tobacco and Sugarcane

Profitable crops requiring intensive labor.

African Slavery

Labor force for sugarcane production in colonies.

Slave Codes

Laws defining enslaved individuals as property.

Middle Colonies

Region known for diverse population and economy.

Cereal Crop Economy

Export

Urban Merchants

Wealthy individuals influencing local economies.

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn promoting religious freedom.

Democratic Government

Colonies developed self

House of Burgesses

Virginia's first representative assembly established.

Mayflower Compact

Self

Triangular Trade

Trade route linking Europe, Africa, and Americas.

Middle Passage

Brutal journey of enslaved Africans to Americas.

Slave Trade Act

Legislation limiting enslaved individuals per ship.

Mercantilism

Economic theory emphasizing favorable trade balance.

Navigation Acts

Laws mandating trade through British ports.

Economic Changes

Wealth generation transforming American urban centers.

Consumer Revolution

Shift towards wealth

Interactions with American Indians

Changing relationships between natives and European settlers.

Caste System

Social hierarchy established by Spanish colonizers.

Santa Fe

Capital established by Spain in New Mexico.

Pueblo Revolt

Successful uprising of Indians against Spanish rule.

Cultural Exchange

Mutual sharing of goods and practices between cultures.

Metacom's War

Conflict led by Wampanoag chief against colonial encroachment.

Chattel Slavery

Legal status of slaves as property, not persons.

Slave Laws

Legal codes defining and enforcing slavery practices.

Stono Rebellion

Slave uprising in South Carolina against plantation owners.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating natural rights and social contracts.

Natural Rights

Rights to life, liberty, and property inherent to humans.

Social Contract

Agreement where people consent to governance for protection.

Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing personal faith and emotional connection.

New Light Clergy

Preachers promoting revivalist ideas during the Great Awakening.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher known for intense sermons during the Great Awakening.

George Whitfield

Evangelist who spread Christianity across the American colonies.

Impressment

Forced enlistment of men into military service.

King George's War

Colonial conflict linked to European wars in the 18th century.

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising against Virginia governor by indentured servants and slaves.

Slave Resistance

Various methods employed by enslaved people to oppose slavery.

Southern Colonies

Regions relying heavily on slave labor for plantations.

Middle Colonies

Regions with a mix of agricultural and household slavery.

New England

Region with smaller farms and fewer enslaved Africans.