Gemara Test on Daf ב

תני

teach

מאי

what

מאי שנא

what is different/unique

קרא

pasuk/torah

חצות

halachic midnight/midday

עמוד השחר

dawn

מעשה

anecdote

אלא

rather

א"כ

אם כן - if so

מאימתי

from when

חייב

obligated

ולא זו בלבד

not only this

___ד

that/for/when

___א

on

תו

furthermore

רישא

first clause

תנא

Rabbi of the Mishnah

היכא

where

הכי

so

הכי קתני

this is what the mishna/braita means to teach

יליף

derive

ואי בעית אימא

if you want, you can say

אי היכא

if so

סיפא

end clause

טמא

impure

טהור

pure

נותר

The leftover Terumah from the time period it can be eaten in. It is no longer able to be eaten.

כרת

the punishment for eating the נותר

לתכתחילה

best way

בדיעבד

unideal/backup way

שקיה

sunset

צאת הכוכבים

nightfall

נץ החמה

when the sun is fully risen

Rashi's definition for אשמוה הראשונה

the first third of the night

What is the opening question of the Mishnah?

From when can you say the evening Shema?

What is Terumah?

a portion of harvest given to the Kohanim from the jewish people.
You cannot eat Terumah if you are impure.

How many potential answers are given to the opening question? (list the answer or answers)

One answer
From the time the Kohanim come home to eat their Terumah.
According to Rashi, this is nightfall as it is referring to the Kohanim that needed to go to the mikvah and become pure before eating their terumah. When it is nightfall, they can eat their Terumah.

What is Rabbi Gamliel's opinion about when you can say shema until?

Until dawn

What is the sage's opinion about when you can say shema until?

Until halachic midnight

What is Rabbi Eliezer's opinion about when you can say shema until?

Until the first third of the night

What is Rav Nagen's opinion on the words "ובשבתך בביתך ובלכתך בדרך״?

Private and Public
- it is important to remind ourselves of these values in private and public.
בשבתך בביתך- Private- when you come home for dinner
בלכתך בדרך- Public-go out for the day
When the Cohanim come home for dinner (to eat their terumah at the earliest time) it is nightfall, so we use them as a standard for dinnertime
-They are the standard because we look up to them since they literally dedicate their lives to serving Hashem.

According to Rashi, why does Rabbi Eliezer limit Shema to one-third of the night?
Think: Based on where we derive the mitzvah of Shema in the evening.

He believes ״ובשכבך״ is when people go to sleep. After one-third of the night, most people are already asleep and no longer going to sleep.

According to Rashi, why does Rabbi Gamliel say Shema can be said till dawn?
Think: Based on where we derive the mitzvah of Shema in the evening.

He believes ״ובשכבך״ is when people are asleep. Throughout the whole night, most people are asleep and therefore the whole night is time when people are asleep.

What Problem did Rabbi Gamliel's sons have?

They were at a party and didn't say the evening Shema.

How did Rabbi Gamliel respond to them?

He says if its not dawn yet, they can still say it.

What is the additional thing he tells them? What are his 2 other examples of this situation?

All the times the sages say until halachic midnight the mitzvah is really until dawn.
1) The burning of fats and limbs
2) The portion to be eaten of a korban for that day

According to Rabbi Gamliel, why do they say until Halachic midnight? What previous concept that we learnt does this fall into?

In order to prevent people from sinning.
גזירה

How does Rashi further explain this?

If they say until dawn, people will just say, "Oh, I have so much time; I will say it soon," and then fall asleep without saying it.

What are the 2 questions of the Gemera?

1) Since the Gemara doesn't explain before this that we have to say shema and at a specific time. From where do we have this mitzvah.
2) Why does it discuss the evening Shema before the morning.

What are the Gemara's two answers?

1) The Mishnah establishes it when it says ״ובשכבך ובקומך״.
2) You can look at the creation of the world and derive the answer from the pasuk ״ויהי ערב ויהי בוקר יום אחד״

Which questions do answer 1 answer? Explain.

Both because of the order of their proofs
- laying comes before standing in the pasuk
- evening comes before day in the pasuk

Which questions do answer 2 answer? Explain.

Just the first one because the creation of the world doesn't have anything to do with the commandment.

נקודת המחלוקת

root of the debate

What are the ways to determine a halachic day?

The amount of time that it is light out -
הנץ החמה-שקיעה
The amount of time the sun is out-
עלות השחר-צאת הכוכבים

How do you determine the length of a halachic hour based on the day?

Steps
1) You choose which way you determine the halachic day.
2) You calculate the time between the two times.
3) You divide that by 12

Example (December 3rd 2024)
עלות השחר-5:23
הנץ החמה-6:40
11:59-חצות
שקיעה-5:19
צאת הכוכבים-5:44
11:59-חצות הלילה
1) The amount of time that it is light out
2) 639 minutes (10 hours and 39 minutes) between 6:40 and 5:19
3) 639 minutes divided by 12=53 minutes and 15 seconds