GAP pt.2

the sodium-potassium pump pumps how many ions out of and into the cell?

3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in

Which part of a neuron normally receives the stimulus?

dendrites

Which part of a neuron normally conducts impulses away from the cell body?

axon

Autonomic nervous system

regulates involuntary functions

Somatic nervous system

controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

What are the main components of the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

What is released at an axon terminal to propagate a nerve impulse?

neurotransmitters

Sympathetic nervous system

responsible for “fight or flight”

Parasympathetic nervous system

responsible for “rest and digest”

Which type of cell form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

schwann cells

When the interior of a neuron cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions what is it known as?

depolarization

Hyperpolarization

cells membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting potential

Depolarization

reduction in electrical potential across a cell membrane, making inside of cell less negative (more positive) relative to the outside

Repolarization

cell membrane returns to its resting electronical state after a period of depolarization

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

coordinates and fine-tune movements, maintains balance, posture, and muscle tone

Which part of the CNS is the survival center that controls HR and respiratory rhythm?

medulla oblongata

What are the 3 main parts of the brain stem?

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Which lobes of the brain does the central sulcus separate?

frontal and parietal lobe

What are the elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres called?

gyri (singular=gyrus)

Which area of the cerebral cortex receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints?

primary somatosensory cortex

What is the most complicated cortical region that is involved with intellect, reasoning, judgement, and personality?

prefrontal cortex

What does cerebrospinal fluid located in the ventricles and central canal do?

provides protection from impact and can help to nourish the brain

Which area of the cerebrum is most closely associated with a sense of balance and equilibrium?

cerebelllum

What is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

What is the main path of the systemic and pulmonary circuits?

pulmonary circuits transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart. Systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

What is the muscle that makes up the heart wall called?

myocardium

Which structure of the heart is known as the pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial (SA) node

Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

tricuspid valve

What type of vessel does blood flow through when leaving the lungs and travelling toward the heart?

pulmonary veins

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ventricle wall?

left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body, regulating larger performance while the right side only pumps to the lungs

Which type of cell is the parent cell (stem cell) for all formed elements of blood?

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Which organ in the body regulates erythrocytes production?

kidney

Which stage is the most rapid phase of hemostasis?

vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)

Which hormone stimulates and increase in RBC production?

erythropoietin (EPO)

What are the common names of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes?

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

What is the proper order of leukocytes arranged from the most common to least common?

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

What are antigens that cause agglutination during a transfusion reaction called?

agglutinogens

What are antibodies that cause agglutination during a transfusion reaction called?

agglutinins

What is the combination of blood types in mother and baby during hemolytix disease of the newborn?

blood is incompatible

Which structures are the main site of gas exchange?

alveoli

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

the pressure of air within the alveoli of the lungs

How does surfactant help to prevent the alveoli from collapsing?

reducing surface tension

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person?

the increased concentration of CO2 in blood

Which structures form the respiratory membrane?

combined walls of alveoli and surrounding pulmonary capillaries

What is the purpose of the cilia on the pseudostratified cells that line the trachea?

propels mucus and trapped particles upwards and out of the airways

What is the difference between internal and external gas exchange?

external involves the exchange of oxygen and CO2 between the alveoli of the lungs and blood, while internal involves exchange of oxygen and CO2 between the blood and body’s tissue

Which type of cell makes up the nasal and tracheal mucosa?

goblet cells

Alimentary canal

continuous tube where food travels and is digested

Accessory digestive organs

assists in digestion process but won’t directly have food pass through them

Peritonea

thin membrane that lines abdominal cavity and cover organs within it

Mesenteries

double fold of this membrane that attaches the intestines to posterior abdominal wall

Greater omentum

large, apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that drapes over abdominal organs

What are the 4 major layers of the alimentary canal?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia

Intrinsic oral cavity muscles

found entirely within the tongue and responsible manipulating the tongue’s change

Extrinsic oral cavity muscles

originate outside tongue and responsible for moving tongues position within the oral cavity

What are the main functions of saliva and salivary amylase?

saliva keeps mouth and throat lubricated and comfortable. Contains an enzyme, amylase, which helps the stomach break down starches in food

Incisors

front teeth used for cutting

Canines

pointed teeth used for tearing

Molars

flat teeth used for grinding

Journey of food molecules through the alimentary canal

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Peristalsis

wave-like contraction that propels food forward through the entire digestive system, from esophagus to rectum

Segmentation

mixing movement that primarily occurs in the small intestine, helping to churn and mix food with digestive juices