Health Psych Ch1

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26 Terms

1

Health has been defined inadequately as an absence of sickness or illness. How is this correct and incorrect?

We can be less than healthy even when we have no signs/symptoms of illness...

AND

we can be relatively healthy even when quite sick .

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2

definition of health that is more accurate

A comprehensive and dynamic status, comprising physical, mental, social, and spiritual well - being

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3

major historical developments in western conceptions of health: humoral theory (Hippocrates)

Cause of illness is knowable

Wellness = balance among humors (four bodily fluid: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm) through diet and lifestyle

ā€˜Better to know the patient... than the diseaseā€™ ā†’ attention to individual differences in illness

Guidance on ethics (ā€˜Hippocratic Oathā€™); do no harm, confidentiality, boundaries of competence

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4

major historical developments in western conceptions of health: Galen

ā€¢ Early contributions to understanding anatomy

ā€¢ Revived Hippocratesā€™ focus on humors

ā€“ Humorsā€™ qualities associated w/ illness states

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5

major historical developments in western conceptions of health: Renaissance

Spiritual conceptions of illness dominated the Middle

Ages (~476 - 1450, CE); e.g., plaque as punishment

Renaissance (early 16th Century): relaxing prohibitions against dissection.

ā€¢ Vesalius (1514 - 1564): Flemish Anatomist & Artist

ā€“ De Humani Corporis Fabrica : authoritative volumes of human anatomy Ā» dispelled many misconceptions

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6

Cartesian (mind-body) dualism

Mental and physical human nature are separate... (Kagan, 2007)

Body subject to physical/mechanical forces; mind is not

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7

cartesian dualism benefits and drawbacks

Ā» Inspired further examination of human physiology

Medicine informed by science and rationality

Ā» But this cemented a split b/t mental and physical conceptions of health

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8

how historical technology contributed to advancements in health

ā€“ Advances in microscopic observation

ā€“ Rise of Cellular and Germ Theory : Disease ā†’ cellular death or ā€˜pathogensā€™ invade.

  • 1800s: exploding discovery of microorganisms.

ā€“ Biomedical model : Illness has a biological cause.

  • Disease results from a pathogen (virus, etc.): Illness reduced to simple cause.

  • Mind/body dualism

  • Health = ā€œabsence of diseaseā€

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9

historical shit that highlighted the limitations of the biomedical model

Alexander (1940s): Repressed energy directed inward;

Ā» Specific illnesses result from specific ā€˜conflictsā€™ (e.g., dependency ā†’ ulcers).

ā€“ ā€œcorrective emotional experienceā€

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10

The case of ā€˜Anna Oā€™ (Freud and Breuer)

ā€¢ Caring for dying father, Anna developed neurological problems (e.g., cough, mutism)

ā€¢ Autohypnotic states : Self-induced trances ā†’ would then feel better

e.g., With expressed emotion; symptoms lessened.

ā€¢ A. couldnā€™t ā€˜will problems awayā€™ (real).

  • If there is no physiological basis, must have psychological basis

  • Note the implications for dualism...

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11

describe the shift in the leading cases of death in the US how this might have contributed to the maturation of health psychology as a discipline

ā€“ Vaccinations, antimicrobials, antibiotics, indoor plumbing shaped mortality...

ā€“ Health and death linked to lifestyle, behavior, and social determinants more than ever.

ā€“ Health was redefined as multifactorial ā†’ reductionistic biomedical model has limitations...

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12

describe what it means to view health as a biopsychosocial phenomenon.

Health and illness/wellness encompass the:

ā€¢ Biological : pathophysiology , genetics, immune function, etc.

ā€¢ Psychological : attitudes, beliefs, emotions, personality, learning, etc.

ā€¢ Social : Life circumstances, cultural beliefs & circumstances, socioeconomic status, etc.

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13

health psychology

The application of psychological principles and research to the enhancement of health and the prevention and treatment of illness.

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14

health disparities

Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations.

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15

germ theory

the idea that bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that invade body cells cause them to malfunction.

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16

biomedical model

The dominant view of twentieth-century medicine that maintains that illness always has a physical cause

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17

biopsychosocial model

The dominant view of twentieth-century medicine that maintains that illness always has a physical cause

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18

pathogen

A virus, bacterium, or some other microorganism that causes a particular disease.

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19

chronic illness

An illness that lasts a long time and is usually irreversible.

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20

psychosomatic medicine

A branch of psychiatry that developed in the 1900s and focused on the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases believed to be caused by emotional conflicts.

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21

alexythymia

no words for emotions

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22

biopsychosocial perspective

The viewpoint that health and other behaviors are determined by the interaction of biological mechanisms, psychological processes, and social influences.

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23

etiology

The scientific study of the causes or origins of specific diseases.

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24

epigenetic effects

The effects of environmental forces on how genes are expressed.

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25

health literacy

The capacity to obtain and understand health information and services, and to use them to make appropriate decisions about oneā€™s health.

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26

birth cohort

A group of people who, because they were born at about the same time, experience similar historical and social conditions.

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