Functional Groups

Functional Group

the arrangement of a group of atoms within a molecule that imparts distinct chemical reactivity to the compound

Alkanes

saturated hydrocarbons of single bonded hydrocarbons. The molecular formula for is CnH2n+2

Three carbons with single bonds

Propane

four carbons with single bonds

Butane

two carbons with single bonds

Ethane

one carbon with single bonds

Methane

Physical Properties of Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes

1. They are non polar and therefore are hydrophobic

2. Boiling point increases with increasing molecular weight

3. They have a faint smell and are colorless

Chemical Properties of Alkanes

1. they react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat.

2. They undergo substitution reaction.

Alkyl groups Formula

CnH2n+1

Alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Their general formula is CnH2n

two carbons with at least one double bond

Ethene

three carbons with at least one double bond

propene

four carbons with at one double bond

Butene

Alkyne

they are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. they have the molecular formula CnH2n-2.

two carbons with at least one triple bond

Ethyne

three carbons with at least one triple bond

Propyne

four carbons with at least one triple bond

Butyne

Primary Alkyl Halide

this compound is formed when the carbon atom that bears the halogen is attached to only one other carbon

Secondary Alkyl Halide

this compound is formed when the carbon that bears the halogen is itself attached to two other carbon atoms

Tertiary Alkyl Halide

This compound is formed when the carbon that is bonded to the halogen is attached to three other carbon atoms

Carbonyl group

An organic functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

Ketone

organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group that is within the chain

Aldehyde

organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is located at the end of the carbon chain.

Carboxylic acid

Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl group (COOH)

Alcohol

Organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl (OH) functional group.

Amides

Organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom.

Primary Amides

Amides that have one carbon-containing group attached to the nitrogen atom

Secondary Amides

Amides that have two carbon-containing group attached to the nitrogen atom

Tertiary Amides

Amides that have three carbon-containing groups attached to the nitrogen

Amines

Organic compounds that contain a central nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons

Ester

Organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group bonded to an alkoxyl group

Chemical property of Esters

reacts with water to produce alcohol and organic or inorganic acid.

Chemical Formula for Esters

RCOOR’

R’ can never be a hydrogen atom

Nitrile

Any organic compound which contains a carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen

Ether

any of a class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.