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Accidental discovery of "nuclien" inside the nucleus of white blood cells

Friedrich Misecher

The genetic code passed down by generations before

Heredity

One strain of bacteria takes in the DNA of a different bacteria and makes the proteins from that DNA code!

Transformation

Conducted an experiment showing transformation in bacteria

Frederick Griffith

Material in dead bacterial cells can transform living bacterial cells

Hypothesis of Frederick Griffith

Conduct a similar experiment that determines that DNA was the transforming factor

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

The genetic material of the cell is either protein or nucleic acids

Hypothesis of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Encodes genes/proteins

What does DNA do?

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Who used bacteriophage virsuses to show DNA was genetic code?

Chargaff rules

Base-Pair rule also means?

Percentage of each nitrogen base within DNA was the same for a variety of organisms.

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

Used crystallography to exaime structure of DNA

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

Developed the double helix and found out dna produces exact copies of itself

What did James Watson and Francic Crick do?

Nucleotides

What is DNA made of?

Nitrogenous bases

Nitrogenous bases

Made up of one phosphorus and 4 oxygen

Covaalently bonded to PENTOSE

Phosphate Group

5 Carbon Sugar

Peoxyribose

Pentose Sugar

Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Thymine

Nitrogenous Base

Anti parrellel because the sides run in opposite directions

What type of parrellel is DNA?

Single Ringed Molecules

Pyrimidines

Thymine and Cytosine

Examples of Pyrimidines

Double Ringed Molecules

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Examples of Purnines

2 Hydrogen bonds

Thymine with Adenine

3 Hydrogen Bonds

Cytosine with Guanine

Thymine/Uracil pairs

What type of pair is this?

Cytosine piars with Guanine

What type of pair is this?

Mitosis, is replicated during the S phase

What phase does DNA replication happen?

Enzyme called helicase will unzip dna, breaking orginial hydrogen bond

First Step of DNA Replication

Replication Fork

Where bonds break on the first step is called?

An enzyme called primase makes RNA "Primer" to mark the starting point of the structure for the DNA

Second Step of DNA replication

Enzyme DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the orginial DNA strands

Third Step of DNA replication

Continuously moves from 5 to 3

Leading strang

Slow and choppy moves from 3 to 5

Lagging strand

Enzyme exonuclase removes RNA primers and DNA polymerase fills the gap

Fourth STep of DNA replication

Enzyme DNA Ligase seals the gaps or zips the DNA

Fifth Step of DNA replication

In the end each OLD strand of DNA has been copied to produce two NEW strands of DNA

Semi-Conservative process

Process cells use to build proteins from amino

Protein Synthesis

DNA - MRNA - Protein

Synthesis order

Proteins help with a cell's structure and function

Proteins such as enzymes help catalyze cell processes

An organisms physical characteristics are a result of proteins

Why is protein synthesis necesssary?

Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into mRNA OCCURS IN NUCLEUS

Transcription

Process by which information is encoded by mRNA to assemble a protein in ribosomes. Occurs in the CYTOPLASM

Translation

RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequence near the beginning of the gene

Step 1 of Transcription

Elongation of DNA occurs. RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands as a template to make a complementary mRNA molecule

Step 2 of Transcription

A termination or STOP sequence signals that gene is done

Step 3 of Transcription

Adds complimentary nitrogen bases

Polymerase ENzyme

2 Strands DOUBLE HELIX

Sugar : DEOXYRIBOSE

Phosphate Group Present : YES

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

I, A, G, C

Nitrogen bases of DNA

U, A, C, G (U = Uracil)

Nitrogen Bases of RNA

1. Phosphate group

2. Pentose Sugar

3. Nitrogen Base

Parts of RNA

Messenger RNA

mRNA

transfer RNA

tRNA

Ribosomal RNA

rRNA

Carries copies of DNA's instructions

What does mRNA do?

Transfers amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosome

What does tRNA do?

Reads codon to bring the correct amino acid

Anticodon

Found in the ribosome where proteins are made

What does rRNA do?

RIbosomes look for a start codon (AUG) on mRNA

Step 1 of Translation

AMino Acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs. They link to make a polypeptide chain

Step 2 of Translation

Translation ends when a stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA) is reached on mRNA

Step 3 of translation

A, T, G, C

DNA Codon

T, A, C, G

DNA new strand codon

A, U, G, C

mRNA codon

U, A, C, G

tRNA anticodon

20

Number of amino acids used to build cells to build proteins

Genes that are cut out of mRNA

Introns

Genes that are kept in mRNA

Exons

Proteins may be packged by the golgi body and shipped to needed locations

WHat does the golgi body do?