Maintenance: Fluid & Salt Balance

Week 10: Tuesday, October 28th: Maintenance: Fluid & Salt Balance; Week 10: Week 10: Thursday, October 30th: Maintenance: Fluid & Salt Balance (cont.); Maintenance: Calcium Balance

in a hypertonic cell, if there’s too much salt outside, water inside will leave, causing what to happen to the cell?

shrinkage

in a hypotonic cell, if there’s too much salt inside, water outside will enter, causing what to happen to the cell?

swelling

eating salt, digesting food, and drinking water cause a/an _______ (increase or decrease) in water/salt extracellularly

increase

sweating, urination, defecation blood loss, water loss causes a/an _______ (increase or decrease) in water/salt extracellularly

decrease

_______ is caused by excessive water drinking

polydipsia

_______ is caused by excessive sweating

hyperventilation

_______ is caused by excessive urination

polyuria

_______ is caused by excessive defecation

diarrhea

_______ is caused by excessive blood loss

hemorrhage

_______ is caused by excessive water loss

dehydration

_______ is needed to release angiotensin 2, which recruits _______ to specifically pull sodium in

renin, aldosterone

_______ specifically pulls water in, and is recruited by angiotensin 2

_______ is a local constrictor that works like ADH; it pulls water in

endothelin

_______ is released from the atria to decrease/push salt and fluid

atrial natriuretic peptide

_______ works with ANP to push water out and prevent high blood pressure

adrenomedulin

ANP and adrenomedulin have what effect on water levels? (increase or decrease?)

decrease water

vasopressin and aldosterone have what effect on water levels? (increase or decrease?)

increases water

angiotensin 2 and aldosterone have what effect on water and salt levels? (increase or decrease?)

increases water and salt

angiotensin 2 and vasopressin have what effect on thirst and ADH levels? (increase or decrease?)

increases thirst and ADH

vasopressin adn endothelin have what effect on blood pressure? (increase or decrease?)

increases blood pressure

renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates _______ via vasoconstriction and increased blood volume

blood pressure

in the RAAS system, kidneys detect low fluid/salt/blood pressure, and release _______ from juxtaglomerular cells

renin

in the RAAS system, renin converts _______ released from the liver into angiotensin 1

angiotensinogen

in the RAAS system, angiotensin 1 is converted into angiotensin 2 using _______ released by the lungs in pulmonary blood

angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE)

angiotensin 2 recruits ______ and _______ to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure

aldosterone and vasopressint

the hypothamalus has two osmoreceptors to control fluid & salt levels and detect blood salt concentration, which are the:

organum vasculosum and subforical organ

in the brain, when blood salt concentration is high, water is low ______ but high in _______

blood, water

in the brain, cell shrinkage of the osmoreceptors causes depolarization and signals the release of ________ from the neurohypopsis

ADH

angiotensin 2 _______ osmoreceptor detection, but ANP _______ it (increases or decreases)

decreases, increases

_______ is excessive fluid loss (blood, water, sodium)

hypovolemia

in the event of hypovolemia, low blood volume lowers pressure sensed by _______, which signal the hypothalamus to signal the neurohypopsus to release ADH

baroreceptorsv

ADH retains water and solutes, and raises blood pressure via what two organs?

kidneys and blood vessels

in the kidneys, ADH binds to _______ to trigger the G alpha S receptor pathway (atp → cAMP → PKA) and increase _______ in the cell

V2 receptors, aquaporin

in the kidneys, AVP increases ion channels, so more NA+, K+, and Cl- are _______ and ________

reaborbed, retained

in blood vessels, AVP binds to _______ to trigger the G alpha q receptor pathway (PLC → IP3 →Ca2+) to cause _______ and _______

V1 receptors, smooth muscle contractions and vasoconstriction

in blood vessels, AVP increases total peripheral constriction to redirect blood to vital organs and increase _______

blood pressure

the heart uses _______ to detect changesin blood volume via vessel expansion adn blood pressure

baroreceptors

the kidneys use their blood vessels and _______ to detect change sin blood volume adn salt levels

juxtaglomerular cells

low fluid and salt causes the adrenal cortex to _______ aldosterone release

increase

low fluid and salt causes the kidneys to _______ renin release

increase

low fluid and salt causes blood vessels to _______ endothelin release

increase

low fluid and salt causes the brain to _______ AVP and thus blood pressure

increaseh

high fluid and salt causes the heart to _______ ANP

increase

high fluid and salt causes blood vessels to _______ adrenomedulin

increase

high fluid and salt causes the kidneys/adrenal cortex to _______ renin and aldosterone

decreasea

aldosterone is stimulated by _______ and _______

angiotensin 2, ACTH

in the kidneys, aldosterone will _______ Na+ aborption and _______ K+ in the collecting ducts

increase, decrease

ANP _______ fluid and salt, so it opposed the RAAS system

decreases

ANP _______ renin, angiotensin 2, aldosterone, ADH, and thirst, and salt appetite

inhibits

endothelin and andrenomedulin are released during _______ for repair

tissue injury/inflammation

endothelin acts as an _______ for hypertension and kidney disease

antagonists

adrenomedulin _______ urine and interstitial fluid, but _______ ACTH and aldosterone

increases, decreases