CHANDRA SURVEYING MORE COMPLETE

Accuracy is a term which indicates the degree of conformity of a measurement to its

a. Most probable value

b. Mean value

c. True value

d. Standard error

c. True value

Precision is a term which indicates the degree of conformity of

a. measured value to its true value

b. measured value to its weighted mean value

c. measured value to its mean value

d. repeated measurements of the same quantity to each other

d. repeated measurements of the same quantity to each other

Theory of probability is applied to

a. Gross errors

b. Systematic errors

c. Random errors

d. All of the above

c. Random errors

The Residual of a measured quantity is the

a. difference of the observed value from its most probable value

b. value obtained by adding the most probable value to its true value

c. remainder of the division of the true value by its most probable value

d. product of the most probable value and the observed value

a. difference of the observed value from its most probable value

If the standard deviation of a quantity is ± 1″, the maximum error would be

a. 2.39"

b. 3.29"

c. 2.93"

d. 9.23"

b. 3.29"

If the standard deviation of an observation is ± 10 m, the most probable error would be

a. 6.745 m

b. 20 m

c. 10 m

d. 0.6745 m

a. 6.745 m

The systematic errors

a. are always Positive

b. are always Negative

c. may be Positive or Negative

d. have same sign as the gross errors

c. may be Positive or Negative

Variance of a quantity is an indicator of

a. Precision

b. Accuracy

c. Randomness

d. Regular nature

a. Precision

In the case of a function y = f ⋮ x₁,x₂ ⋮, the error in y is computed as

a. 𝑑𝑦 = ⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₁ ⋮𝑑𝑥₁ + ⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₂ ⋮𝑑𝑥2

b. 𝑑𝑦 = ⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₁ ⋮>> 𝑑𝑥₁ + ⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₂ ⋮>> 𝑑𝑥₂

c. 𝑑𝑦= ⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₁ ⋮ ( 𝑑𝑥₁ )>> + ⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₂ ⋮ (𝑑𝑥₂)>>

d. 𝑑𝑦= ⋮⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₁ ⋮𝑑𝑥₁ ⋮>> + ⋮⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₂ ⋮𝑑𝑥₂ ⋮>>

a. 𝑑𝑦 = ⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₁ ⋮𝑑𝑥₁ + ⋮ 𝜕𝑓 / 𝜕𝑥₂ ⋮𝑑𝑥2

The adjusted value of an observed quantity may contain

a. small gross errors

b. small systematic errors

c. small random errors

d. all the above

c. small random errors

One of the characteristics of random errors is that

a. small errors occur as frequently as the large errors

b. plus errors occur more frequently than the negative errors

c. small errors occur more frequently than the large errors

d. large errors may occur more frequently

c. small errors occur more frequently than the large errors

If the standard error of each tape length used to measure a length is ± 0.01 m. The standard error in 4 tape lengths will be

a. 0.01 m

b. 0.02 m

c. 0.04 m

d. 0.16 m

b. 0.02 m

A metallic tape is

a. a tape made of any metal

b. another name of a steel tape

c. another name of an invar tape

d. is a tape of water proof fabric into which metal wires are woven

d. is a tape of water proof fabric into which metal wires are woven

Spring balance in linear measurements is used

a. to know the weight of the tape

b. to apply the desired pull

c. to know the standard pull at the time of measurement

d. none of the above

b. to apply the desired pull

Ranging in distance measurements is

a. another name of taping

b. a process of establishing intermediate points on a line

c. putting the ranging rod on the hill top for reciprocal ranging

d. a process of determining the intersection of two straight lines

b. a process of establishing intermediate points on a line

Reciprocal ranging is employed when

a. the two ends of a line are not intervisible

b. one end of a line is inaccessible

c. both the ends are inaccessible

d. the ends of the line are not visible even from intermediate points

a. the two ends of a line are not intervisible

The following expression gives the relative accuracy in linear measurements when the slope angle is α

a. 𝑑𝐷 / 𝐷 = tan 2𝛼.𝑑𝛼

b. 𝑑𝐷 / 𝐷 = tan>> 𝛼.𝑑𝛼

c. 𝑑𝐷 / 𝐷 = 2 tan 𝛼.𝑑𝛼

d. 𝑑𝐷 / 𝐷 = tan 𝛼.𝑑𝛼

d. 𝑑𝐷 / 𝐷 = tan 𝛼.𝑑𝛼

If the slope angle is 64½ 08' 07" is measured to an accuracy of 10" the expected relative accuracy in the linear measurements is

a. 1/10

b. 1/100

c. 1/1,000

d. 1/10,000

d. 1/10,000

The temperature correction and pull correction

a. may have same sign

b. always have same sign

c. always have opposite signs

d. always have positive sign

a. may have same sign

The sag corrections on hills

a. is positive

b. is negative

c. may be either positive or negative

d. is zero

b. is negative

The correction for reduced length on the mean sea level is proportional to

a. H

b. H>>

c. 1 / H

d. 1 / 2H

a. H

If the difference in the levels of the two ends of a 50 m long line is 1 m and its ends are out of alignment by 5m then the corrections for slope ⋮𝑐ₛ⋮ and alignment ⋮𝑐ₘ⋮ are related to each other as

a. 𝑐ₛ = 4𝑐𝑚

b. 𝑐ₛ = 0.4𝑐𝑚

c. 𝑐ₛ = 0.04𝑐𝑚

d. 𝑐ₛ = 0.004𝑐𝑚

c. 𝑐ₛ = 0.04𝑐𝑚

Stadia is a form of tacheometric measurements that relies on

a. fixed intercept

b. fixed angle intercept

c. varying angle intercept

d. none of the above

b. fixed angle intercept

The tacheometric method of surveying is generally preferred for

a. providing primary control

b. large scale survey

c. fixing points with highest precision

d. difficult terrain

d. difficult terrain

If two points A and B 125 m apart, have difference in elevation of 0.5 m, the slope correction to the measured length is

a. +0.001 m

b. 0.001 m

c. +0.0125 m

d. 0.0001 m

b. 0.001 m

The branch of surveying in which an optical instrument is used too determine both horizontal and vertical positions, is known as

a. Tachemetry

b. Tachometry

c. Tacheometry

d. Telemetry

c. Tacheometry

If the vertical angle from one station to another 100 m apart, is 60½, the staff intercept for a tacheometer with k = 100 and c = 0, would be

a. 1

b. 4

c. 5

d. 0.1

b. 4

Electronic distance measurement instruments use

a. X-rays

b. Sound waves

c. Light waves

d. Magnetic flux

c. Light waves

Modern EDM instruments work on the principle of measuring

a. the reflected energy generated by electromagnetic waves

b. total time taken by electromagnetic wave in travelling the distance

c. the change in frequency of the electromagnetic waves

d. the phase difference between the transmitted and the reflected electromagnetic waves

d. the phase difference between the transmitted and the reflected electromagnetic waves

The range of infrared EDM instrument is generally limited to measuring the distances

a. 2 to 3 km

b. 20 to 30 km

c. 200 to 300 km

d. more than 300 km

a. 2 to 3 km

Electromagnetic waves are unaffected by

a. air temperature

b. atmospheric pressure

c. vapour pressure

d. wind speed

d. wind speed

A datum surface in levelling is a

a. Horizontal surface

b. Level surface

c. Vertical surface

d. None of the above

b. Level surface

Reduced level of a point is its height or depth above or below

a. the ground surface

b. the assumed datum

c. assumed horizontal surface

d. the line of collimation

b. the assumed datum

The correction for the atmospheric refraction is equal to

a. + 1/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth

b. 1/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth

c. + 6/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth

d. 6/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth

a. + 1/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth

If the back sight reading at point A is greater than the fore sight reading at point B then

a. A is higher than B

b. B is higher than A

c. height of the instrument is required to know which point is higher

d. instrument position is required to know which point is higher

b. B is higher than A

Change points in levelling are

a. the instrument stations that are changed from one position to another

b. the staff stations that are changed from point to point to obtain the reduced levels of the points

c. the staff stations of known elevations

d. the staff stations where back sight and fore sight readings are taken

d. the staff stations where back sight and fore sight readings are taken

Balancing of sights mean

a. making fore sight reading equal to back sight reading

b. making the line of collimation horizontal

c. making the distance of fore sight station equal to that of the back sight station from instrument station

d. taking fore sight and back sight readings at the same station

c. making the distance of fore sight station equal to that of the back sight station from instrument station

The height of instrument method of reducing levels is preferred when

a. there are large numbers of intermediate sights

b. there are no intermediate sights

c. there are large numbers of fore sights

d. there are no fore sights

a. there are large numbers of intermediate sights

Sensitivity of a bubble tube depends on

a. the radius of curvature

b. the length of the vapour bubble

c. the smoothness of the inner surface of the bubble tube.

d. all the above

d. all the above

Reciprocal levelling is employed to determine the accurate difference in level of two points which

a. Are quite apart and where it is not possible to set up the instrument midway between the points

b. Are quite close and where it is not possible to set up the instrument midway between the points

c. Have a very large difference in level and two instrument settings are required to determine the difference in level

d. Are at almost same elevation

a. Are quite apart and where it is not possible to set up the instrument midway between the points

When a level is in adjustment, the line of sight of the instrument is

a. Perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument and parallel to the bubble tube axis

b. Perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument and bubble level axis

c. Perpendicular to the bubble tube axis and parallel to the vertical axis

d. None of the above

a. Perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument and parallel to the bubble tube axis

A Dumpy level is preferred to determine the elevations of points

a. lying on hills

b. lying on a line

c. lying in moderately flat terrain

d. on a contour gradient

c. lying in moderately flat terrain

A theodolite can measure

a. Difference in level

b. Bearing of a line

c. Zenith angle

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The error in the horizontal circle readings, is due to

a. the late axis bubble not being parallel to the line of collimation

b. the line of sight not being parallel to the telescope axis

c. the line of collimation not being perpendicular to the trunnion axis

d. none of the above

c. the line of collimation not being perpendicular to the trunnion axis

The error in the horizontal circle readings due the line of collimation not being perpendicular to the trunnion axis is eliminated by

a. taking readings on the different parts of the horizontal circle

b. taking readings on both the faces

c. removing the parallax

d. transiting the telescope

b. taking readings on both the faces

Quadrantal bearing is always measured from

a. the North end of the magnetic meridian only

b. the South end of the magnetic meridian only

c. the North end or the South end of the magnetic meridian

d. Either the North end or the South end of the magnetic meridian as the case may be

d. Either the North end or the South end of the magnetic meridian as the case may be

If the departure and latitude of a line are + 78.0m and - 135.1m, respectively, the whole circle bearing of the line is

a. 150½

b. 30½

c. 60½

d. 120½

a. 150½

If the departure and latitude of a line are + 78.0 m and - 135.1 m, respectively, the length of the line is

a. 213.1 m

b. 57.1 m

c. 156.0 m

d. none of the above

c. 156.0 m

Transit rule of balancing a traverse is applied when

a. the linear and angular measurements are of same precision

b. the linear measurements are more precise than the angular measurements

c. the angular measurements are more precise than the linear measurements

d. the linear measurements are proportional to 𝑙 and the angular measurements are proportional to 1/𝑙 where 𝑙 is the length of the line

c. the angular measurements are more precise than the linear measurements

The error due to the non-verticality of the vertical axis of a theodolite

a. is eliminated in the method of repetition only

b. is eliminated in the method of reiteration only

c. is eliminated in the method of repetition as well as in reiteration

d. cannot be eliminated by any method

d. cannot be eliminated by any method

Random method of running a line between two points A and B is employed when

a. A and B are not intervisible even from an intermediate point

b. A and B are only intervisible from an intermediate point

c. the difference of level between the points is large

d. it is not a method at all for running a line

a. A and B are not intervisible even from an intermediate point

The error in the horizontal circle reading of 41½ 59' 13.96" and vertical circle reading of + 36½ 52' 11.63" for ny pointing dure to the trunnion axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis by ⋮ 90½ - i ⋮ where i is 20", is

a. + 15"

b. + 18"

c. - 15"

d. - 18"

a. + 15"

Theory of errors is applied to minimize

a. Gross errors

b. Systematic errors

c. Random errors

d. All of the above

c. Random errors

Most probable value of a quantity is equal to

a. observed value + correction

b. the observed value - correction

c. the true value + correction

d. the true value - correction

a. observed value + correction

The method of least squares of determining the most probable value of a quantity is based upon the criterion that

a. Σ Correction 2= a minimum

b. Σ Error 2= a minimum

c. Σ ⋮ Weight @ correction ⋮ 2= a minimum

d. Σ Residual 2= a minimum

d. Σ Residual 2= a minimum

If the observations of a quantity contains systematic and random errors, the most probable value of the quantity is obtained by

a. removing the systematic and random errors from the observations

b. minimizing the systematic and random errors from the observations

c. removing the systematic errors and minimizing the residuals from the observations

d. removing the random errors and minimizing the systematic errors from the observations

c. removing the systematic errors and minimizing the residuals from the observations

The most probable value of a quantity is the quantity which is nearest to

a. the true value of the quantity

b. the true value of the quantity ± standard deviation

c. the true value of the quantity ± probable error

d. the observed value of the quantity ± weight of the observation

a. the true value of the quantity

The theory of least squares is used in

a. the method of differences

b. in the normal equation method

c. the method of correlates

d. all the above

d. all the above

In a Braced quadrilateral, the number of conditions required to be satisfied for adjustment excluding the condition imposed by least squares theory, is

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

c. 4

The spherical excess for a triangle of area 200 sq km is approximately

a. 0.5"

b. 1.0"

c. 1.5"

d. 2.0"

b. 1.0"

Correlate is the unknown multiplier used to determine the most probable values by multiplying it with

a. normal equation

b. observation equation

c. condition equation

d. condition imposed by the least squares theory

c. condition equation

Station adjustment of observation means

a. making sum of the angles observed around a station equal to 360½

b. checking the permanent adjustment of the instrument at every station

c. adjusting the instrument so that it is exactly over the station

d. shifting the station location to make it intervisible from other stations

a. making sum of the angles observed around a station equal to 360½

Control for survey can be provided by

a. Triangulation

b. Trilateration

c. Traversing

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The distance of visible horizon for a point having an elevation of 637.5 m is

a. 6.735 km

b. 67.35 km

c. 10 km

d. 100 km

d. 100 km

A strongest route in a triangulation net has

a. minimum value of R

b. maximum value of R

c. minimum value of <<𝑅

d. maximum value of <<𝑅

a. minimum value of R

In a Braced quadrilateral, the position of unknown corner points can be determined by

a. a single route only

b. two alternative routes only

c. three alternative routes only

d. four alternative routes only

d. four alternative routes only

Phase correction is required when the observations are made on

a. Pole signals

b. Cylindrical signals

c. Pole and brush signals

d. Beacons

b. Cylindrical signals

The errors in horizontal angle measurements due to eccentricity of signal, is eliminated completely by

a. the method of repetition

b. the method of reiteration

c. both the above method

d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The problem of reduction to center is solved by

a. taking a long base line

b. removing the error due to phase

c. taking a satellite station

d. taking well-conditioned triangles

c. taking a satellite station

A satellite station is a station

a. also known as an intersected point.

b. also known as a resected point

c. close to the main triangulation station that cannot be occupied for making observations

d. which falls on the circumference of the circle passing through three main triangulation stations

c. close to the main triangulation station that cannot be occupied for making observations

The Horizontal refraction is minimum between

a. 6 AM to 9 AM

b. 10 AM to 2 PM

c. 8 AM to 12 noon

d. 2 PM to 4 PM

a. 6 AM to 9 AM

The Vertical refraction is minimum between

a. 6 AM to 9 AM

b. 10 AM to 2 PM

c. 8 AM to 12 noon

d. 2 PM to 4 PM

b. 10 AM to 2 PM

A grazing line of sight is that line which

a. joins two stations which are not intervisible

b. is at least 3 m above the intervening ground between two stations

c. touches the intervening ground between two stations

d. joins the signals at two stations kept on towers

c. touches the intervening ground between two stations

Sum of the three angles of spherical triangle

a. is always less than 180½

b. is always more than 180½

c. is less or more than 180½ depending the location of the triangle on spheroid

d. is equal to 180½

b. is always more than 180½

A circular curve is most suited for connecting

a. two straights in horizontal plane only

b. two straights in vertical plane only

c. two straights, one in horizontal plane and the second in vertical plane

d. two straights in horizontal plane or vertical plane

a. two straights in horizontal plane only

A compound curve consists of

a. two circular arcs of same radius only

b. two circular arcs of different radii only

c. two circular arcs of different radii with their centers of curvature on the same side of the common tangent only

d. two or more circular arcs of different radii with their centers of curvature on the same side of the common tangent

d. two or more circular arcs of different radii with their centers of curvature on the same side of the common tangent

A reverse curve consists of

a. two circular arcs of Different radii with their centers of curvature on the Same side of the common tangent only

b. two circular arcs of Same radius with their centers of curvature on the Same side of the common tangent only

c. two circular arcs of Different radii with their centers of curvature on the Opposite side of the common tangent only

d. two circular arcs of Same or Different radii with their centers of curvature on the Opposite side of the common tangent only

d. two circular arcs of Same or Different radii with their centers of curvature on the Opposite side of the common tangent only

A transition curve is a special type of curve which satisfies the condition that

a. At the junction with the circular curve, the angle between the tangents to the transition curve and circular curve should be 90½

b. At the junction with the circular curve, the angle between the tangents to the transition curve and circular curve should be zero

c. its curvature at its end should be infinity

d. its curvature at its end should be infinity

b. At the junction with the circular curve, the angle between the tangents to the transition curve and circular curve should be zero

The most widely used transition curve for small deviation angles for simplicity in setting out is

a. Cubic parabola

b. Cubic spiral

c. Leminscate curve

d. Hyperbola

a. Cubic parabola

The following curve has the property that the rate of change of curvature is isame as the rate of change of increase of superelevation:

a. Reverse curve

b. Compound curve

c. Transition curve

d. Vertical curve

c. Transition curve

A parabola is used for

a. summit curves alone

b. both summit and sag curves

c. sag curves alone

d. none of the above

b. both summit and sag curves

A parabola is preferred for vertical curves because it has the following property:

a. The slope is constant throughout

b. The rate of change of slope is constant throughout

c. The rate of change of radial acceleration is constant throughout

d. None of the above

b. The rate of change of slope is constant throughout

The shortest distance between the point of commencement and the o\point of tangency of a circular curve is known as

a. Long chord

b. Normal chord

c. Sub-chord

d. Half-chord

a. Long chord

The long chord of a circular curve of radius R with deflection angle Δ is given by

a. 2R cos ( Δ / 2 )

b. 2R sin ( Δ / 2 )

c. 2R tan ( Δ / 2 )

d. 2R sec ( Δ / 2 )

b. 2R sin ( Δ / 2 )

The lengths of long chord and tangent of a circular curve are equal for the deflection angle of

a. 30½

b. 60½

c. 90½

d. 120½

d. 120½

The degree of a circular curve of radius 1719 m is approximately equal to

a. 1½

b. 10½

c. 100½

d. None of the above

a. 1½

If the chainage of point of commencement of a circular curve for a normal chord of 20 m is 2,002.48 m, the length of the first sub-chord will be

a. 2.48 m

b. 17.52 m

c. 20 m

d. 22.48 m

b. 17.52 m

If the chainage of point of tangency of a circular curve for a normal chord of 20 m is 2,303.39 m, the length of the last sub-chord will be

a. 3.39 m

b. 16.61 m

c. 23.39 m

d. None of the above

a. 3.39 m

For an ideal transition curve, the relation between the radius 𝑟 and the distance 𝑙 measured from the beginning of the transition curve, is expressed as

a. 𝑙 ∝ 𝑟

b. 𝑙 ∝ 𝑟>>

c. 𝑙 ∝ ⋮ 1 / 𝑟 ⋮

d. 𝑟 ∝ ⋮ 1 / 𝑟>> ⋮

c. 𝑙 ∝ ⋮ 1 / 𝑟 ⋮

For a transition curve, the shift S of a circular curve is given by

a. 𝐿 / 24𝑅>>

b. 𝐿>> / 24𝑅>>

c. 𝐿>>> / 24𝑅>>

d. 𝐿>>> / 24𝑅

d. 𝐿>>> / 24𝑅

For a transition curve, the polar deflection angle 𝛼ₛ and the spiral angle Δₛ are related to each other by the expression

a. 𝛼ₛ = Δₛ / 2

b. 𝛼ₛ = Δₛ / 3

c. 𝛼ₛ = Δₛ / 4

d. 𝛼ₛ = Δₛ>> / 3

b. 𝛼ₛ = Δₛ / 3

To avoid inconvenience to passengers on highways, the recommended value of the centrifugal ratio is

a. 1

b. 1/2

c. 1/4

d. 1/8

c. 1/4

The following value of the change in radial acceleration passes unnoticed by the passengers:

a. 0.003 𝑚/𝑠>> 𝑠𝑒𝑐

b. 0.03 𝑚/𝑠>> 𝑠𝑒𝑐

c. 0.3 𝑚/𝑠>> 𝑠𝑒𝑐

d. 3.0 𝑚/𝑠>> 𝑠𝑒𝑐

c. 0.3 𝑚/𝑠>> 𝑠𝑒𝑐

The curve preferred for vertical curves is a

a. Circular arc

b. Spiral

c. Parabola

d. Hyperbola

c. Parabola

If an upgrade 2% is followed by a downgrade of 2%, and the rate of change of grade is 0.4% per 100 m, the length of the vertical curve will be

a. 200 m

b. 400 m

c. 600 m

d. 1,000 m

d. 1,000 m

For a vertical curve if x is the distance from the point of tangency, the tangent correction is given by

a. 𝐶𝑥

b. 𝐶𝑥>>

c. 𝐶𝑥>>>

d. 𝐶𝑥>>>>

b. 𝐶𝑥>>

If area calculated by end-areas rule and prismoidal rule are 𝐴ₑ and 𝐴ₚ, respectively, then ⋮ 𝐴ₑ - 𝐴ₚ ⋮

a. is always positive

b. is always negative

c. may be positive or negative

d. is equal to zero

a. is always positive

Prismoidal correction is required to correct the volume calculated

a. using contours

b. using spot heights

c. for a curved section

d. by end-areas rule

d. by end-areas rule

Curvature correction to the computed volume is applied when

a. the formation levels at the cross-sections are at different levels

b. the successive cross-sections are not parallel to each other

c. the distance between the successive cross-sections is quite large

d. none of the above

b. the successive cross-sections are not parallel to each other

Free-haul distance is

a. the length of a balancing line

b. the distance between two balancing lines

c. the distance between two successive points where the mass-haul diagram intersects the line of zero ordinate

d. the distance up to which carting of excavated material is done without payment

d. the distance up to which carting of excavated material is done without payment