an tech VI - IVDD and Fx

what are the two layers of intervertebral disks?

annulus fibrosus (outer layer) and nucleus pulposus (inner layer)

type I IVDD is an ____ rupture of the annulus fibrosus

acute

type __ is seen in young dogs (3-6yrs) in chondrodystrophic breeds and often occurs after a traumatic event

I

type II IVDD is a ____ degeneration of the nucleus pulposus with the bulging of the annulus fibrosus into spinal canal

progressive

type __ is common in older (8-10 yrs), large breed dogs

II

IVDD commonly occurs in what 3 spinal regions?

cervical, thoracic, or lumbar

C/S of cervical IVDD

neck pain, lowered head, front limb lameness

C/S of thoracolumbar IVDD

back pain, hunched posture, back leg paralysis

how do you diagnose IVDD?

panniculus test (needle), flexor reflex, rads

forelimb IVDD is more ____

emergent

what do you look for when diagnosing IVDD on a rad?

narrowed interveterbral disc space

why do you want drugs on board when dealing with an IVDD pt?

pain control and prevent moving and causing further injury

a ____ is needed for definitive localization of lesion

myelogram

Tx for bradycardia

atropine

Tx for seizures

diazepam

never give ____ and ____ together. it will cause gi ulcers

NSAIDs; steroids

medical Tx for IVDD includes:

strict cage rest for 2 weeks, steroid therapy

what is the surgical Tx for IVDD?

hemilaminectomy

most IVDD dogs will return to normal function __ weeks post op

2

over __% of long bone fractures are the result of motor vehicle accidents. the rest occur from other trauma, bone dz, or repeated stress

75

what is the first thing you do when assessing a pt with a fracture?

muzzle

in an ____ fracture, the bone has not completely lost continuity

incomplete

define a greenstick fracture

the bone is bent and breaks incompletely

greenstick fractures are usually seen in ____ patients

young

a ____ fracture is indicated by the complete loss of bony continuity

complete

define transverse fracture

a complete fracture where the fracture line is along the short axis

define an oblique fracture

the fracture line is oblique (diagonal) to the long axis of the bone

define a spiral fracture

fracture line spirals along the long axis of the bone

define a comminuted (compound) fracture

implies at least three fracture fragments

define a salter-harris fracture

used to classify growth plate (epiphyseal plate) fractures

a ____-____ fracture is common in young animals

salter-harris

how many types of epiphyseal fractures are there?

6

what is an articular fracture?

fracture within a joint

what is an avulsion fracture?

tibial crest is pulled away from main bone by the action of a tendon

what are the 3 steps of fracture healing?

alignment (reduction), fixation, time

in what order do fractures heal?

hematoma, soft callus, hard callus, callus remodeled

what are factors that effect fracture healing?

vascularity, fracture type, fracture reduction, fracture motion, patient age & health

bending force

force is applied to a specific point

rotation force

twisting force

axial force

crushing or comprehensive force

shearing force

force is transmitted to a weaker part of the bone

what is a surgical fracture repair option?

internal fixation devices

____ and ____ are best suited for young patients and closed fractures distal to the elbow or stifle

casts; splints

what should you tell an owner for cast care?

must be kept clean and dry, check for mutilation, malodor should be checked, cover bandage when outside

internal fixation devices include:

bone plates, screws, IM pins, cerclage wire

surgical external fixation devices include:

SK fixation, KE fixation, ring fixation

Kirschner-ehmer splint is for ____ ____ fractures

highly comminuted