EXAM 1 DCUSH

practice practice pracitce.

The split between “New Lights” and “Old Lights” reflected:

Disagreement over the legitimacy of revival enthusiasm.

The British victory in 1759, celebrated as the annus mirabilis, signaled:

A moment of shared Anglo-American triumph over France.

The Caribbean sugar colonies were more valuable to Britain than the mainland colonies because:

Sugar exports far exceeded the total value of mainland exports.

Colonial assemblies’ tendency to resist governors reflects:

The influence of republican ideas of civic duty and social contract.

Homespun cloth became a political statement in the 1760s because:

It symbolized independence from imported British goods.

Nonimportation agreements of the 1760s demonstrate:

The merging of consumer behavior with political protest.

How did the consumer revolution reshape colonial social hierarchies?

It allowed middling colonists to emulate elites through material culture.

Why did Parliament largely ignore colonial smuggling before 1763?

Enforcement cost more than the duties collected.

Benjamin Franklin’s contributions to print culture demonstrate:

How entrepreneurial printers shaped civic and intellectual life.

 The reliance on paper money in colonies such as Massachusetts primarily illustrates:

Adaptation to limited supplies of specie in daily trade.

Which factor most distinguished slavery in South Carolina from Virginia?

The task system and cultural autonomy of enslaved Africans.

George Whitefield’s preaching style exemplified the Great Awakening because:

He used theatrical oratory to provoke heartfelt conversions.

Why did Rhode Island develop a distinct colonial identity compared to Massachusetts?

It emphasized religious toleration and political independence.

The Middle Passage was described as the “middle” for which group’s experience?

Africans, as one stage between capture and labor in the Americas.

Which statement best summarizes the seventeenth-century colonial experience as a whole?

Colonists survived largely by enforcing power through conquest and exploitation.

Virginia’s 1662 law making slavery matrilineal reveals what about colonial priorities?

It ensured economic perpetuity of enslavement through birth.

Why did Spain’s 1693 “Decree of Sanctuary” threaten English colonies?

It armed fugitives and integrated them into Spanish militias.

 The Glorious Revolution (1688) mattered in America because:

Colonists used it to justify overthrowing local governors.

William Penn’s “Holy Experiment” most directly differed from New England’s “City upon a Hill” in that:

Penn sought pluralism rather than uniformity.

Why was impressment into military service so controversial under the Dominion of New England?

Colonists believed it mirrored absolutist abuses.

 In what way did patriarchal ideals reinforce slavery in colonial households?

They denied enslaved families legal recognition.

Which best explains why Indian slavery declined while African slavery increased?

Indian captives had shorter lifespans and higher escape rates.

Why was Bacon’s Rebellion remembered as a “time of anarchy”?

Both rebels and loyalists shifted sides frequently.

How did England’s Civil War (1642–1649) affect the colonies’ governance?

Most colonies remained neutral to avoid entanglement.

In what way did Portugal’s focus on Brazil demonstrate global economic shifts?

Brazil became central to the sugar trade, linking European demand with African slavery

 How did early Dutch slavery in New Amsterdam differ from English colonial slavery?

Africans could earn “half-freedom” and own land, reflecting Dutch legal traditions

In what way did the Pueblo Revolt challenge assumptions about European dominance?

It showed that Indigenous peoples could expel Europeans and destroy their religious symbols, even if temporarily

How did quilombos in Brazil complicate colonial authority?

They functioned as autonomous communities of escaped slaves, undermining plantation economies

How did the “Black Legend” shape European rivalries in the New World?

It justified English, French, and Dutch colonization as morally superior to Spain

Joint-stock companies advanced colonization by enabling:

Risk-sharing, collective investment, and expansion opportunities

The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 allowed England to pursue:

Naval dominance, overseas colonization, and Protestant expansion

How did wampum symbolize cross-cultural negotiation?

It served both as currency in Dutch markets and as a sacred medium in Native diplomacy

The Roanoke colony exemplified the difficulties of:

Vulnerability, insufficient resources, and uncertain survival strategies

What impact did the defeat of the Spanish Armada have on English colonization?

It allowed England to present colonization as both a Protestant mission and a geopolitical strategy

The chapter suggests that the Norse presence in Newfoundland failed mainly because of:

Environmental challenges, isolation, and Native resistance that made sustained colonization difficult

Which statement best captures Indigenous North American notions of land and property as described in the chapter?

Use-rights (to hunt, farm, or occupy) mattered more than permanent exclusive ownership.

Why were the Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration and the Atlantic slave trade?

They developed navigation tools, held Atlantic island bases, and established trading relationships with African kingdoms that facilitated slave trading for plantation labor.

Which item was NOT commonly part of tribute to Aztec rulers as described in the chapter?

European firearms

Which explanation does the chapter emphasize for why relatively small numbers of Spaniards could topple massive empires like the Aztecs?

A combination of alliances with subject peoples, exploitation of internal divisions, and disease

The “Three Sisters” agricultural system refers to the interplanting of:

Maize, beans, and squash.

Which of the following best summarizes the chapter’s overall claim about the arrival of Europeans in the Americas?

It bridged two worlds, produced the Columbian Exchange, and unleashed catastrophic demographic, ecological, and social transformations that reshaped both hemispheres.

Which of the following best characterizes Spanish colonial migration patterns in the sixteenth century?

Tens to hundreds of thousands of mainly male Spaniards migrated, leading to frequent intermarriage and mestizaje.

The encomienda system was best described as:

A legal grant tying Native labor to Spanish landholders, often resulting in exploitation

Why are birch-bark scrolls and khipu significant in the chapter’s discussion?

They illustrate alternative literacies and record-keeping systems used by Indigenous peoples.

Which development most directly enabled larger, more densely populated societies like Cahokia and Tenochtitlán?

Intensive agriculture and food surpluses

What characteristic differentiates Mississippian chiefdoms from many Eastern Woodland communities?

Mississippian societies showed greater social stratification, urban centers, and centralized ceremonial authority compared with dispersed, kin-based Eastern Woodland settlements.

The Spanish Sistema de Castas primarily functioned to:

Classify people by perceived racial mixtures to structure social and political privileges

The Mississippian city of Cahokia is notable for all of the following EXCEPT:

Being the first Native American site to domesticate horses

The dramatic population decline in indigenous populations after contact is attributed primarily to:

Epidemic diseases introduced by Europeans, along with warfare and enslavement

Which best describes Native American slavery prior to and during early European contact, per the chapter?

Slavery often reflected a lack of kinship networks; captives could be assimilated or adopted into communities.