Biology Honors Study Guide chordates

taxonmy

the ordered and naming of organisms by Carolus Linnaeus

what is the to part scientific name of a species called?

binomial nomenclature

what is the first part of a bionomial nomenclature?

genus

how many groups are in the taxonmic group?

8

what is the first group called?

domain

what is the second group called?

kingdom

what is the third group called?

phylum

what is the 4th group called?

class

what is the 5th group called

order

what is the 6th group called?

family

what is the 8 group called?

species

a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called what?

a taxon

vetebrates

animals that have a backbone or a spine

invertebrates

animals that don’t have a backbone or spine

amphibians, birds, fishes, reptiles and mammals are all..

vertebrates

Tunicates and Lancelets are ..

invertebrates

to be a member of the chordate phylum a animal must have what?

• a notochord,

• a dorsal nerve cord,

• pharyngeal slita

• postanal tail.

in humans the notochord is reduced to a gelatinous disks between the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc

true

in vertebrates the dorsal hollow nerve cord is called

a spinal cord

96% of all chordates species are..

vertebrates

pharyngeal slits

openings in the pharynx (the area behind the mouth) that extend to the outside environment,

serving as gill-like structures in aquatic chordates for filter feeding and respiration. 

adult tunicates have no notochord, tail, but has..

pharyngeal slits

tunicate tadpoles mature extremely quiclky in..

a few hours

what are tunicates sole job?

to find a suitable place to live out their lives as adults

• attacted to docks, rocks or undersides of roads.

Tunicates are..

plankton feeders

why are tunicates plankton feeders?

bc they shoot out a jet of water through the siphon

tunicates are often called what because of this ?

sea squirts

what are small, fishlike creatures that live on sandy floors called?

Lancelets

do lancelets have a true heart?

no

the first vetebrates to envolve were fish called

Ostracoderms

what period did Ostracoderms appear?

Cambrain period

Ostracoderms were les jawless fishes found mainly in fresh water

true

fish went through major changes during what period?

Silurian period

what changes did fish go through during the Silurian period

• fish remained jawless

• but with less body armor

salps are invertbrates

true

salps are filter feeders and feed on algae

true

do salps go through two phases when they reproduce?

yes

all species construct complicated mucus structures called what?

houses

what do the mucus structures do?

capture plankton which they eat

when the houses becomes clogged what does it do?

its disregared sinking to the bottom

how often do larvacens create “houses”

every 4 hours

what are larvaceans lifepan?

3-5 days

Larvaceans produce both egg and sperm

true

Fertilization and development take place in the open water

true

Durkleasteus

• don’t have teeth

• instead exposed bone

Devonian period is also known as the

“ Age of fish”

• bc fish were the most abundant creatures

mudskipper

• a fish out of water

• eats plants

• builds a house by digging a hole, putting mud in his mouth, and spitting it back up

  • males travel back and forth carrying oxygen for the eggs by removing water/mud

what is a subgroup of bony fish called?

lobe-finned fish

herbivores

eats plants, no meat

carnivores

eats other fish, and meat

what do parasitic fish do?

suck all the juice of of prey

example of a parasitic fish?

lamphreys

detritus

eat decaying organic matter from dead plants or animals.

Pyloric Ceca

Fingerlike pouches that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption.

Liver –

 Produces bile, which helps digest fats.

Gallbladder –

 Stores bile for digestion.

Pancreas –

 Produces digestive enzymes.

Swim Bladder

Helps control buoyancy.

what is the absorption of lipids and fats called?

emulsification

what liquid helps digestive food

hydrochloric acid

Gills –

 Organs that extract oxygen from water.

Countercurrent Exchange

Process that maximizes oxygen absorption in fish gills.

Lungfish –

• Can survive in oxygen-poor environments by burrowing into the mud and forming a protective mucus cocoon.
  
  

what circulatory system do fishes have?

closed circulatory system

how many chambers does a fish heart have?

4

what is the first chamber?

Sinus Venosus

what does the Sinus Venosus do?

 Collects oxygen-poor blood.

what is the 2nd chamber?

Atrium

what does the Atrium do?

 A chamber that pumps blood into the ventricle.

what is the third chamber?

Ventricle

what does the Ventricle do?

Main pumping chamber.

what is the 4th chamber?

Bulbus Arteriosus

what does the Bulbus Arteriosus do?

– Maintains blood flow into the gill arteries.

Closed Circulatory System

Blood is contained within vessels.

Single-Loop Circulation

•  Blood flows from the heart to the gills, then to the body, and back to the heart.
  

Parasitic Fish

 Feed on other living organisms.

Filter Feeders

Strain food particles from the water.

Operculum –

– Bony gill cover protecting the gills.

Lateral Line

A sensory system that detects water movement.

Paired Fins

 Fins found on both sides of a fish (pectoral, pelvic).

Dorsal & Anal Fin

 Fins used for stability.

Caudal Fin –

The tail fin used for propulsion.

Pyloric Ceca

 Fingerlike pouches that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption.

Liver –

 Produces bile, which helps digest fats.

Gallbladder –

 Stores bile for digestion.

Pancreas

 Produces digestive enzymes.

Swim Bladder

Helps control buoyancy.

Cartilaginous Fish

– Fish with skeletons made of cartilage (e.g., sharks and rays).

Bony Fish –

 Fish with skeletons made of bone.

Lobe-Finned Fish

•  A subgroup of bony fish with fleshy fins that led to the evolution of chordate limbs.
  
  

Excretion:

The Process of removing waste and excess water.

Kidney:

 Filters waste from the blood.

Parts of kidney:

• Main unit: Nephron’’
  
  

• Parts: Glomerulus & Renal tubule (within Bowman's capsule)
  

Freshwater fish:

• Constantly gain water and excrete large amounts of dilute urine.
  

• Actively absorb salt from food & gills.

Saltwater fish:

•  Constantly lose water; drink seawater & excrete excess salt via chloride cells in gills.
  

•  Produce very concentrated urine
  
  

The breakdown of proteins releases nitrogenous waste.

true

Ammonia (toxic) is expelled through the gills, diluted by surrounding water.

true

Olfactory lobes

Detects smells, especially large in sharks & catfish.

Cerebrum:

Processes smell (unlike in mammals, where it controls voluntary movement).

Optic lobes:

Allow color vision; some fish prefer certain colors.