social, relationships, self identity

Social Psychology

the study of how people act, think and relate to the real or perceived presence of othersb

Social Neuroscience

how our brain is influenced by and influences social behaviour

Person-Situation interaction

behaviour is determined both by personality traits and the enviorment

Social Cognition

the study of out thoughts about the social wo

Lewin and Festenger

stressed need to measure variables and labayory experiments to systematically test research hypothesis about social behaiour

Social Situation

the people whom we interact with everyday

Social Norms

the way of thinking, feelingn or behaving tat is shared by a group that pushed people to do what they are ‘suppuse to’ do

Attitude

an evaluation of stimuli- the attitude object that has positive or negative component to it

Strong Attitudes are

• attitudes become stronger when we have a direct experience positive or negative

• When your self-concept is activated (you're thinking about who you are), the attitudes that are connected to it also become more accessible and influential.

• Well defined

• held with confidance

• guide behaviour more consistantly

• come to mid quicker

• ABC consistency

• Specific

Three Main Components of Attitudes

• Affect: how does the att object make you feel

• Behaviour: How does this object make you behave

• Cognition: how does the object cange your thought b

ABC’s prejudice

• Disliking those who dont look like you

• Discrimination

• “they are ignorant”

Wilson and Scholer

When a judgment is based mostly on feelings, making people analyze it cognitively can reduce attitude-behavior consistency.

When is Attitude Behaviour Consistency the Strongest

• Match between the social situation and att

• When components of the att are easily accessible

• Specificity

• Attitude-behavior consistency is strongest when the same component (affective or cognitive) is active during both attitude formation and behavior.

When is Attitude Behaviour Consistency Reduced

• High Social Monitoring

• When a judgment is based mostly on feelings, making people analyze it cognitively can reduce attitude-behavior consistency.

A student thinks smoking is unhealthy but enjoys it when stressed. When she’s calm, she avoids smoking. When stressed, she smokes. This is an example of:

Affective component overriding cognitive component

How are Attitudes Measures

• Self Report

• IAT

• Arousal and Facial Expression

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Att + sub norms + control

Under what conditions are attitudes best changed using spontaneous strategies?

• The audience is not highly involved or motivated to think deeply about the message.

• The audience is busy or distracted.

• The message relies on peripheral cues such as communicator attractiveness, likeability, or emotional appeals.

• The audience is in a positive mood.

Under what conditions are attitudes best changed using thoughtful strategies?

• The audience is motivated and able to process the message carefully.

• The topic is personally relevant to the audience.

• The message contains strong arguments and evidence.

• The audience has time and cognitive resources to elaborate on the messae

Variables that increase resistance to persuasion include:

• Strong pre-existing attitudes: These are more difficult to change.

• Forewarning: Knowing in advance that someone will try to persuade you allows you to prepare defenses.

• Inoculation: Being exposed to weak attacks on your attitude helps you build counterarguments.

• Psychological reactance: Feeling that your freedom of choice is being threatened can lead to resisting or even doing the opposite of what is being advocated.

Spontaneous message processing

(also known as peripheral or heuristic processing) is a quick and direct route to persuasion that relies on affective responses and easily accessible cues rather than careful consideration of the message content.

Thoughtful message processing

(also known as central or systematic processing) is a more controlled and deliberate route to persuasion that involves careful cognitive elaboration of the message's content and its relation to one's own beliefs and goals.

Sleeper Effect

an attitude change that occurs over time. Initially, a message from an untrustworthy source is discounted. However, over time, the content of the message is remembered while the source is forgotten, leading to a delayed persuasive impact.

Why are attractive communicators often more effective persuaders?

• Create a positive association with the product.

• Put the audience in a good mood, making them more receptive to the message

Why are trustworthy communicators effective?

• Allow the audience to feel good about themselves when accepting the message.

• Often lead to acceptance of the message without critical evaluation of its content.

How does speech rate affect perceived expertise and persuasion?

Communicators who speak confidently, quickly, and in a straightforward way are often seen as more expert. Faster speech can also reduce the listener's ability to come up with counterarguments.

Explain how fear appeals can be used in persuasive messages.

• Making the message salient and memorable.

• Focusing on self-concern and potential negative outcomes.

• However, they are most effective when the audience feels they know how to address the threat and have the ability to take action.

Need to belong

• groups have a large influence on self esteem

• loneliness has similar effect as smoking

Sociometer Model

self esteem as an indicator of social acceptance or relational value in the eyes of other. It monitors likelihood of exclusion, prompting us to seek acceptance.

Social Identity Theroy

we categorize ourselves into social groups and ascribe the characteristics of typical members to ourselves

Collective Self Esteem

Our assignment of the quality of the group we belong to influences our self worth

Downward Social Comparison

to maintain a sense of self wrt people seek out compare themselves to the less fortunate

Social Facilitation

the strengthening of dominate responses wen arousal is high and people are present

Evulation Apperhention

anxiety about being judged negatively by others when out indivudal preformance is known

Coordination Bias

reduced group performance due to the imperect timing and syncnorizantion of member effect

Shared Mental Model

a shared understanding among team members o the task and the team itself

Group Coheasion infludes

integerty, solidarity, social integrration, unity

Stages of Tuckmans Theory of Group Devlopment

Forming, Storming, Norming, Preforming, Adjoring

Moreland and Levine Stages o Group Socolization

Investagation, Socolization, Maintance, Re-Socolization, Reemberence

Common Knowlage Effect

groups spend more time discussing information known by multiple members rather then unique information

Hidden Profile Task

Group Think

A mode of thinking in cohesive in-groups where the desire for unanimity overrides realistic appraisal of alternative actions.

• Overestimation of group skills/wisdom, biased perceptions of outgroups, conformity pressures, poor decision-making methods.

Causes of Groupthink

cohesion, isolation, biased leadership, distractional stress

How does cohesion contribute to groupthink?

Intensified cohesion leads to accepting group goals/decisions without reservation and increased conformity pressures.

How does isolation contribute to groupthink?

Groups work behind closed doors, avoid outsiders, and refuse to align with societal beliefs.

How does biased leadership contribute to groupthink?

A leader who exerts too much authority increases conformity pressures and can control the agenda and discussion.

How does decisional stress contribute to groupthink?

Stress leads to quickly choosing a plan with little argument and rationalizing the choice.

Prejudice vs Steyrotype vs Discrimination

• Prejudice: emotion

• Stereotype: Belief

• Discrimination: Behaviour

Old Fashioned Blatant Biases

Conscious, openly admitted belifes, feelings, and behaviors expressing hostility towards outgroup and faviouring ingroup.

Social Dominance Orientation

belief that group hierarchies are inevitable and good or order. High SDO indivated belief that some groups are inherently better, preference for inequality.

• OFB

Right-Wing Authoritarianism

focuses on value conflict. Endorses respect for obedience and authority in service of group conformity. Dislikes outgroups with differing values, prioritizes group unity and traditional values

Ambigious Biases

stems from in-group favourtisim, where the outgroup is disfavoured by exclusion. SIT and Self-Catagorization Theory explain this tendency to favour us over them. Can lead to exaggarating differences between groups.

Averside Racism

the negative evulations of minorties are realized though factors such as discomfort and abvoidance, despite good intentios.

Ambivalent Biases- Stereotype Content Model

• High W / Low C —> Pity → Patronizing

• Low W / Low C → Contentment → Margnilization

• Low W / High C → Envy → Resentment