o chem functional groups

Alkyl group

A carbon chain represented by R–

Phenyl

A benzene ring directly attached to another group; Ph–R

Benzyl

A benzene ring attached through CH2; benzene–CH2–R

Phenol

A benzene ring directly attached to OH

Alkyl halide

R–X where X = F, Cl, Br, or I

Alcohol

R–OH

Ether

R–O–R

Amine

R–NH2, R2NH, or R3N

Ketone

R–C(=O)–R; carbonyl carbon has carbon groups on both sides

Aldehyde

R–C(=O)–H; carbonyl at the end of a chain

Carboxylic acid

R–C(=O)–OH

Ester

R–C(=O)–O–R

Amide

R–C(=O)–NH2

Nitrile

R–C≡N; also called a cyano group

Carbonyl

A carbon double bonded to oxygen, C=O

Alkane

Contains only single bonds between carbons

Alkene

Contains at least one C=C double bond

Alkyne

Contains at least one C≡C triple bond