Biology Honors - Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life

Hydrophilic

Likes water and can work with it or in it

Hydrophobic

Hates water and has to be separated from it

Macromolecules

A small organic molecule that can be a unit of a large organic molecule

Monomer

The basic building blocks of larger organic molecules called polymer

Polymer

Many smaller molecules that are layered together in a repeating pattern

Monosaccharide

• Made up of smaller monomers

• Have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Are simple sugars that include glucose, fructose, and galactose

Polysaccharide

• Long chains made up of smaller carbohydrates

• Help the cellular structure and uses it to provide energy for our body

Unicellular

One cell

Multicellular

One or more cells

Organelle

Simple structures that provide the needs of the cells such as nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, etc.

Homeostasis

Maintain a stable relatively consistent internal environment

Metabolism

Energy

Virus

• NOT considered a living thing

• Biological entities

• Contain DNA and RNA

• Depend on a host cell to survive

• Once it infects, its called a bateriophage

Prokaryote

An organism that doesn’t have a nucleus and other organelles

Eukaryote

An organism that does have a nucleus and all of the essential organelles involved

Host

A cell that is invaded by a virus or other microorganism

Cell

The basic unit of life that contains the DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, etc.

Reproduction

The production organisms that are produced from the same DNA

List the six elements necessary for life and give examples of three molecules that contain those elements.

Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

Examples: Carbon dioxide, water, glucose

List the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates, lipid, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Monomer

• Carbohydrate-monosaccharides

• Lipid-glycerol/fatty acids

• Protein-amino acids

• Nucleic Acid-nucleotides

Polymers

• Carbohydrate-polysaccharides

• Lipid-triglycerides

• Protein-polypeptides

• Nucleic Acid-DNA or RNA

Explain the process of polymerization-both the forming of polymers, through dehydration, and the breaking of polymers, through hydrolysis.

Polymerization is the process that includes the formation of polymers through dehydration synthesis and breaking down through hydrolysis.

• Dehydration synthesis: releasing water to link monomers

• Hydrolysis: adding water to split polymers

Explain the main function of each macromolecule

• Carbohydrate-quick energy, structural support

• Lipids-long-term energy, insulation to living

• Proteins-structure, protection, energy, transportation, etc.

• Nucleic Acids-carry the genetic information

List examples of each macromolecule

• Carbohydrate-glucose

• Lipids-oil

• Proteins-eggs

• Nucleic Acids-DNA

Sketch a picture of the macromolecule that makes up the majority of the cell membrane and explain why its structure gives the membrane a unique property.

Lipids make up most of the cell membrane since every organelle uses it. It's unique since it contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Explain what makes proteins the most diverse macromolecule

They are very diverse because there’s so many different amino acids and they can be placed in any order.

List which macromolecule is not obtained from our food and where do we get it from.

Nucleic acids is the macromolecule that we don’t get from food but from our DNA

List the 3 principles of cell theory

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. Cells are the basic building blocks of life

3. All cells are made from pre-existing cells

Create a Venn Diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

List the structures that distinguish plant cells from animal cells.

1. Animal-lysosomes and centrioles

2. Plant-chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole

Cell Membrane

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

Important for communication and homeostasis

Cytoskeleton

Gives cell it’s shape and provides structural support

Cytoplasm

Holds everything in place and where chemical reaction happens

Nucleus

Protects and stores DNA

Nucleolus

Makes RNA that makes up the nucleus

Ribosome

Makes protein through translation

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Packages protein and sends it to the golgi apparatus

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Makes lipids and stores calcium

Golgi apparatus

Gets vesicles protein from ER

Process, sorts, and ships protein where needed

Vesicle

Mini carts that ships protein around cell

Lysosome

Breaks down dead stuff and programs cell death

Vacuole

Stores water, nutrients, waste, etc.

Centrioles

Appear during cell division

Pulls apart protien

Cilia

Moves fluid throughout the cells surface

Flagella

Moves entire cell through extracellular fluids

Mitochondria

Breaks down chemical energy to release ATP energy

C6H12O6 - cellular respiration

Chloroplast

light energy = chemical energy in sugar

photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cell Wall

Protects and maintains shape

Central Vacuole

Storage center

Describe the role of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the structure of the phospholipid bilayer. Include how its structure dictates its function.

Lipids form a bilayer that prevents water-soluble (things that dissolve in water) to enter the cell. Proteins provide transport and structural support which carbohydrates attach to them and lipids allow cell recognition and communication.

Defend the statement that viruses are not considered living things with at least three points to support your claim.

Viruses are not living because…

• They can’t produce energy to maintain metabolism

• They can’t reproduce on their own

• They can’t maintain a stable internal/external environment

Summarize the different between the lytic and lysogenic life cycles or viruses.

The lytic cycle happens when you know you are sick immediately. A lysogenic cycle happens after a couple of years and then you get sick.

• Lytic- DNA injects and immediately starts translating

• Lysogenic- allows the virus to dormant in your body for years