Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems Overview

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and functions of the lymphatic and respiratory systems as outlined in Lecture Notes.

What are the main functions of the Lymphatic System?

Aids the cardiovascular system in transporting excess fluid, immune defense, and fat absorption.

What is Edema?

Fluid accumulation outside the circulatory system.

What is the composition of Lymph?

A combination of interstitial fluid, solutes, and immune cells.

What are the smallest lymphatic vessels called?

Lymphatic capillaries.

What specialized lymph capillaries collect lipids in the gastrointestinal tract?

Lacteals.

What are the two types of lymphatic vessels?

Afferent lymphatic vessels and efferent lymphatic vessels.

What is the role of macrophages in the lymphatic system?

Engulf foreign substances and may present antigens to other lymphoid cells.

What are the three types of lymphocytes and their overall purpose?

T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and Natural killer cells; they search for harmful antigens.

What distinguishes helper T-cells from cytotoxic T-cells?

Helper T-cells initiate immune responses and secrete cytokines, while cytotoxic T-cells kill infected or tumor cells.

What is the primary role of B-lymphocytes or B-cells?

To produce antibodies against specific antigens.

What is the purpose of vaccines in terms of lymphatic cells?

To introduce antigens so memory cells can be formed, helping the body to eliminate illnesses.

What is the largest lymphatic vessel called?

Thoracic duct.

Where does the right lymphatic duct return lymph?

At the junction of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins.

What does the thymus produce to aid in T-cell development?

Thymopoietin and thymosins.

What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

Filter and trap antigens.

What are the regions of the respiratory system?

Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

Pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and other functions like warming and humidifying air.

What is the main conducting airway for inhaled air?

Nose.

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

What prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract?

The larynx and epiglottis.

What are the primary muscles involved in breathing?

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

What characterizes asthma?

Chronic episodes of bronchoconstriction with wheezing and shortness of breath.

What are the main components of the digestive system?

Alimentary canal and accessory organs.

What consists of the renal corpuscle in a nephron?

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule.

What is the main function of nephrons?

Filtration and urine formation.