SGPS Painting Exam

Pigments are x, x in dispersing medium. They have xx origins

Powders, insoluble, natural inorganic

Dyes are x, x in dispersing medium, and form xx

Organic, soluble, chemical bonds

Lacquer is x in xx such as x or x

Dye, solid substrate, limestone, clay

Mordant x attaches x to x, made of xx

Chemically, dyes, substrate, metal salts

Transmission

Light passes through object

Refraction

Light bends against object

Reflection

Light bounces against object

Absorption

Light sucks into object

Fibrous protein

Rabbit skin, used hot

Globular protein

Egg yolk, used cold

Mural layers

Rinzaffo, arriccio, intonaco, pictorial

Rinzaffo

Layer to fill irregularities

Arriccio

Coarse plaster coat (Roman: three, medieval: one)

Intonaco

Fine plaster layer (sand and marble, lime)

Gypsum

Calcium sulfate, sets with water
Organic material slows setting

Lime Processing

1. Calcination: cooked to form quicklime + CO2

2. Slaking: seasoned quicklime + water = lime putty + hydrated lime

3. Carbonation: slaked lime + CO2 = insoluble calcium carbonate

Hydraulic lime

Impure limestone, fast setting time, used in conservation

Cement

Limestone with high clay content

Fresco

Pigments applied on fresh plaster are carbonized into lime

Half fresco

Color diluted with water/lime milk forms pictorial film on fresco

Cohesion

Attraction between same substances (fresco)

Adhesion

Attraction between different substances (dry)

Scratching technique

Sgraffito

Secco

Dry techniques

Plaster applied by the day

Giornata

Preparatory draft on arriccio

Sinopia

Transversal sections

Rings

Radial sections

Striped

Tangential sections

Flame

Colors that can’t be used with alkali

White lead, orpiment, cinnabar (humid), minium, copper acetate (humid), azurite (humid), organic pigment

Guazzo Gilding

Burnished gold leaf over rabbit glue

Mission/Mordant Gilding

Colored base, shellac, mission (sticky), gold leaf

Shell Gilding

Gold dust with arabic gum

Pastiglia Gilding

Raised

Bulinatura

Punched decoration on gilding

Patination

Colored layer to make leaf look older

Mecca Gilding

Silver leaf made to look gold with mecca

Linolenic Acid

Linseed, walnut, poppy— causes fast drying

Lime cracks

Deep, regular

Tempera cracks

Square, regular

Oil cracks

Snaking

Varnish

Aesthetic function

Protectives

Shield artwork