EXAM 1 - Arthrology of the Spine

amphiarthrosis means ___ movement

slight

bones connected by cartilage are classified as

amphiarthrosis

what is the primary classification of cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis

what is the secondary classification of cartilaginous joints

symphysis

synchondrosis includes ___ cartilage

example?

hyaline

epiphyseal plates

what is a synchondrosis cartilaginous joint that is permanent

costochondral joints

symphysis includes ___ cartilage

example?

fibrocartilage

IVD, pubic symphysis

what plane are symphysis joints always located

median plane

what holds fibrous joints together

fibrous connective tissue

do fibrous joints have a joint cavity

no

example of fibrous joint

sutures

what is the ossification of sutures known as

synostoses

what is the classification of sutures

synarthrosis

what is the classification of a ligament

fibrous amphiarthrosis syndesmosis

what are the types of fibrous joints

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis, schindylesis

parallel bones united by fibrous connective tissue is classified as

fibrous joint syndesmosis

a conical process into a socket such as roots of teeth in the alveolar processes is classified as

fibrous joint gomphosis

a ridged bone that articulated into a groove on neighboring bone is classified as

fibrous joint schindylesis

what is an example of a fibrous joint schindylesis

vomer articulating with sphenoid

which functional classification allows no movement of joints

synarthrosis

what 4 structures are within a synovial joint

articular capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, synovial fluid within a cavity

what is the classification of synovial joints based on

1. number of bones or articular surfaces

2. types of movement allowed by joint

3. morphological appearance

what is a simple synovial joint

opposing bones form a joint

what is a complex synovial joint

joint cavity divided into two compartments

what is a compound synovial joint

more than 2 opposing bones form a joint

what is the primary movement of a synovial plane joint

gliding/translation

a synovial plane joint is also known as a

diarthrosis arthrodial

what is the classification of zygapophyseal joints

synovial plane joint (diarthrosis arthrodia)

what is a pivot synovial joint also known as

diarthrosis trochoid

what is the movement of a synovial pivot joint

axial rotation

what movements are limited with a synovial pivot joint

flexion, extension, lateral flexion

what is the classification of the median atlantoaxial joint (dens and osteoligamentous ring of atlas)

synovial pivot joint

what is another name for a synovial saddle joint

diarthrosis sellar

what are the movements of a synovial saddle joint

flexion-extension, abduction-adduction

circumduction

is a synovial saddle joint uniaxial or biaxial

biaxial

what is the classification of the joint of luschka (uncinate process with lateral groove)

synovial saddle joint

what is another name for ellipsoidal synovial joint

diarthrosis condylar

what movement do ellipsoidal synovial joints have

lateral bending

what is the classification of the atlanto-occipital joint

synovial ellipsoidal

what is a shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints

osseous pivot and osteo-ligamentous ring

nonaxial means

no range of movement

uniaxial means, example

one plane of movement

hinge joint

biaxial means

example

two planes of movement

saddle joint

multiaxial means

example

multiple planes of movement

ball and socket

Type I-III mechanoreceptors are ____ with ___ function

encapsulated, proprioceptive

Type IV mechanoreceptors in a joint capsule are ___ and unmyelinated _____

non-encapsulated, free nerve endings

Type I mechanoreceptors monitor _____

joints at rest

type II mechanoreceptors monitor ____

normal movement

type III mechanoreceptors monitor _____

tendons during movement

type IV mechanoreceptors mediate ___ and are normally silent

nociception

what covers all non-articular surfaces lining the synovial joint cavity

synovial membrane

what are the 3 modifications of the synovial membrane that aid in spreading synovial fluid

synovial villi, articular fat pads, synovial menisci/intra-articular disc

finger like projections that increase surface area and increase with age are known as

synovial villi

fibrous layer of synovial membrane that fills the gaps between joint tissue is known as

articular fat pads

fibrocartilaginous projections from a synovial membrane are known as

synovial menisci/intraarticular discs

what is the term for the intra-articular disc that separates from joint articular surfaces

meniscoids

what is the outer fibrous layer of the articular synovial membrane made of

connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerve endings

what is the function of the inner cellular (luminal) layer of a articular synovial membrane

synovial fluid secretion

which layer of the articular synovial membrane is continuous with the articular capsule

outer fibrous layer

the inner cellular layer is also known as the

synovial lamina intima

what cell type within the cellular layer of a synovial membrane is phagocytic

Type A synovial cells/synoviocytes

what cell type within the cellular layer of a synovial membrane produces protein and hyaluronic acid (synovial fluid)

Type B synovial cells

TQ:

Where is synovial fluid created and what cells create it

inner cellular layer of the synovial membrane via Type B synoviocytes

what are articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage called

articular cartilage

what causes articular cartilage to lose potential for growth and repair

avascular, lacks lymphatics and innervation

nutrition/waste elimination of articular cartilage is provided by

synovial fluid, blood vessels, sinuses of bone marrow

what provides network for water retention in articular cartilage

arrangement of GAGs

water accounts for ____% of volume of articular cartilage

what makes up the rest

60-80

Type II collagen

proteoglycan gel

T/F

there is a high volume of synovial fluid observed in human joints

FALSE

modified tissue consisting of fats, salts, albumins, hyaluronate is known as

synovial fluid

what is responsible for the viscosity and lubrication of joints

hyaluronate and/or lubricin

what do synovial lamina intima cells secrete to add to the final consistency of synovial fluid

wandering blood cells and connective tissue cells

what are the functions of synovial fluid

nutrition, lubricant, increase joint efficiency, reduce erosion

All are modifications of articular synovial membrane EXCEPT:

A. Synovial villi

B. Articular fat pads

C. Synovial menisci

D. Intra-articular folds

E. Perichondrium

E

Which role does aging have on the abundancy of synovial villi?

A. Increase

B. Decrease

C. Consistent throughout life

A