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what do psychology's findings need to be validated
proof and evidence
what do psychological studies help distinguish between
fact and opinion
empirical approach
an evidenced based method that draws on observation and experimentation
what are the three characteristics that comprise a scientific attitude
humility, curiosity, skepticism
identify what characteristic would say this "does it work"
curiosity
identify what characteristic would say this "what do you mean"
skepticism
identify what characteristic would say this "that was unexpected, let's explore further"
humility
critical thinking
is thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions
what are the three roadblocks in critical thinking
hindsight bias, overconfidence, perceiving orders in random events
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
what type of roadblock is this "I knew it all along"
hindsight bias
overconfidence
when someone thinks they know more than they do
who is Philip Fetlock
a psychologist who found that humans predictions are true about 40% of the time when they usually think that they are 80% accurate
perceiving order in random events
when we think there is a pattern and it is in reality random
what is the scientific method
a self-correcting procedure to evaluate ideas through observation and analysis
what is the scientific method used for
to think critically, observe behaviors, test variables, and draw conclusions
peer reviews
scientific experts who evaluate a research article's theory, originality and accuracy
theory
an explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
hypothesis
a testable prediction often implied by a theory
falsifiable
the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment
operational defintion
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
replication
repeating a research study to see if the findings can be reproduced
what can operational definitions reduce
bias
replication can serve as
conformation
how do hypothesis's and theories relate
a hypothesis can either support or disconfirm theories
what are the three methods to describe behavior
case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys
case study
a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing principles
true or false. case studies can only lead to ideas. other methods are needed to follow
true
naturalistic observaation
a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
what do naturalistic observations offer
snapshots of daily life and can be a starting point for other research
survey
a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group
what does a survey require
a representative population
sampling bias
a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
random sample
fairly represents a population
population
describes all. those in a group being studied from which random samples may be drawn.
Social-desirability bias
Bias from peoples responding in they presume a researcher her expects or wishes
Self- report bias
Bias when people report their behavior inaccurately
Note 
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