Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Level 1: Preconventional Morality (Typically children)

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

Morality is based on avoiding punishment. Children obey rules to avoid getting into trouble.

Example: "I’ll do what I’m told to avoid being punished."

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

Moral reasoning is based on self-interest and reciprocity. Actions are judged based on their benefits to oneself.

Example: "I’ll help because I expect something in return."

Level 2: Conventional Morality (Typically adolescents and adults)

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships

Morality is based on social approval. People want to meet others’ expectations and be seen as "good" by society.

Example: "I’ll follow the rules because it’s important to be a good person."

Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order

Moral reasoning focuses on maintaining law and order. There is respect for authority and social order.

Example: "I follow the rules because they are the laws of society."

Level 3: Postconventional Morality (Typically adults)

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

Morality is based on the belief in individual rights and the social contract. People understand that laws may need to be changed for the greater good.

Example: "The law is important, but sometimes the law should be changed to promote fairness."

Stage 6: Universal Principles

Moral reasoning is based on abstract principles like justice and equality. People follow ethical principles, even if they conflict with laws.

Example: "I do what I believe is right, even if it goes against societal norms."

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