new culture movement and challenges to early republican era

when and why did new culture movement begin

during WW1; ferment of nationalist feeling, political fragmentation, decline of Confucian influences in Qing’s final years

what was the aim of the new culture movement

to create a new cultural identity for china

cai yuanpei

chancellor of beijing university during NCM, advocate for free thinking

hu shi

promoted baihua; more accessible form of writing previously considered vulgar

New culture advocates argued a modern nation needed:

literate people

Lu xun

wrote short stories calling confucian culture outdated and morally bankrupt

chen duxiu

founded new youth literary journal, one of china’s founding marxist thinkers

li dazhao

history professor and chief librarian at beijing university, believed that china was being exploited by capitalist powers

ding ling

feminist writer

when did beijing students find out about treaty of versailles and what were they doing at the time

early may 1919, prepping for day of shame protest

how many students rallied in may fourth and where

over 3000, gate of heavenly peace, tianamen square

what was may fourth the beginning of

“a credible and important nationalist movement”- Tom Ryan, China Rising

idealogical result of may 4th

students turned to marxist ideas

when did yuan shikai’s presidency begin

10th March 1912

when did yuan shikai ban the gmd

november 4th 1913

what did yuan shikai banning the gmd result in

sun yixian tightening party discipline and creating revolutionary army

when did yuan shikai ban national and provincial parliaments

feb 1914

what did sun yixian banning national and provincial parliaments result in

undermined democracy, left no viable political authority for after his death, led to political vacuum

when did yuan shikai accept the 21 demands

7th may 1915

when did china become a republic

jan 1, 1912

what did 21 demands do

gave japan economic rights in manchuria and inner mongolia, control of liadong peninsula

consequences of 21 demands

• weakened popular support for yuan shikai

• increased japanese control of china

• contributed to later japanese attacks on china

when did yuan shikai become emperor

1st jan 1916

when did yuan shikai renounce the throne

22nd march 1916

when did yuan shikai die, what was the aftermath

6th june 1916, regionalism resurfaced as china had no new leader able to hold it together