BMS 301 Unit 2 Starred

In the large intestine, what is the specific function of the 'cecum' and the 'vermiform appendix'?

A. The cecum churns food; the appendix secretes insulin

B. The cecum is for water absorption; the appendix is a reservoir for healthy gut bacteria

C. The cecum absorbs B12; the appendix absorbs fatty acids

D. The cecum produces bile; the appendix filters blood

B. The cecum is for water absorption; the appendix is a reservoir for healthy gut bacteria

Which of the following is true regarding the 'Thoracic Wall' boundaries?

A. The anterior boundary is formed solely by the costal cartilages

B. The lateral boundaries are formed by the psoas and iliacus muscles

C. The inferior boundary is formed by the pelvic diaphragm

D. The posterior boundary is formed 12 thoracic vertebrae

D. The posterior boundary is formed 12 thoracic vertebrae

Which structure is responsible for filtering blood, breaking down old red blood cells, and releasing them when needed?

A. Pancreas

B. Spleen

C. Gallbladder

D. Liver

B. Spleen

What is the deep intrinsic back muscle? Include the location, innervation and action

Transversospinalis Muscle

• Location: Transverse process to spinal process

• Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves

• Action: Bilateral extension of the trunk, unilateral rotation

Detail the arterial supply of the anterior thoracic wall

• Right/Left subclavian artery

• Right/Left internal thoracic artery

• Right/Left anterior intercostal arteries

Detail the arterial supply of the posterior thoracic wall

• Thoracic/descending aorta

• Right/Left intercostal arteries

• Left/Right posterior intercostal arteries

Detail the venous return of the thoracic wall

Anterior Intercostal Veins

• Internal thoracic veins

• Subclavian veins

Posterior Intercostal Veins

• Azygos vein

Both come together at the superior vena cava

What are the three large compartments of the thoracic cavity?

1. Right Pulmonary Cavity 

• Holds right lung 

2. Mediastinum 

• Holds everything in the thorax that’s not a lung 

• E.x. Heart, aorta, phrenic nerves, vagus nerves, azygos vein, etc

3. Left Pulmonary Cavity 

• Holds left lung

What is the venous return of the coronary circulation

Great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein

Coronary sinus

Right atrium

What is the ductus Ductus Arteriosus, what does it bypass, connect and become?

Ductus Arteriosus

• Bypasses: Lungs

• Connects: Pulmonary trunk to aorta

• Becomes: Ligamentum Arteriosum

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal wall?

Superior: Lower ribs, xiphoid process, T10

Inferior: Iliac crest, pubic symphysis, L5

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

Superior: Respiratory diaphragm

Inferior: Iliac crest, S1

What is the innervation of the abdominal wall

Anterior/ventral rami of spinal nerve

What is the arterial supply to the anterior abdominal wall/muscles and what do the arteries arise from?

• The superior epigastric arteries that arise from internal thoracic arteries

• Inferior epigastric arteries that arise from external iliac arteries

What are the boundaries of the external abdominal oblique muscle?

A: Ribs

B: Iliac crest, pubis and inguinal ligament

What are the boundaries of the internal abdominal oblique muscle?

A: Ribs and thoracolumbar fascia

B: Iliac crest, pubis and inguinal ligament

What are the boundaries of the transversus abdominis?

A: Ribs and thoracolumbar fascia

B: Iliac crest, pubis and inguinal ligament

What are the A and B attachments and the innervation of the psoas?

A: Lumbar vertebra

B: Lesser trochanter of the femur

Innervation: Femoral nerve

What are the A and B attachments, innervation and action of the iliacus?

A: Iliac fossa of ilium

B: Lesser trochanter of the femur

Innervation: Femoral nerve

Action: Primary flexors of the hip

What are the A and B attachments, innervation and action of the quadratus lumborum?

A: Lower ribs and lumbar vertebra

B: Iliac crest

Innervation: Thoracic/lumbar spinal nerves

Action: Bilateral extension of the trunk and unilateral flexion of the trunk

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system arise from in the CNS?

Craniosacral division

• Brainstem

• Sacral spinal cord

Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise from in the CNS?

Thoracolumbar division

• Thoracic spinal cord

• Lumbar spinal cord

Which two GI organs have endocrine and exocrine functions and what are these functions?

Pancreas

• Endocrine: Sends insulin into the blood to reabsorb glucose

• Exocrine: Digestive enzymes go into a duct that go into the duodenum

Liver

• Endocrine: Releases proteins, clotting factors and nutrients into the blood

• Exocrine: Produces bile that goes into a duct

Is the arterial supply to the GI system made of paired or unpaired arteries? What are these arteries?

Unpaired arteries

• Celiac Trunk Artery: Splenic, common hepatic, left gastric

• Super Mesenteric Artery

• Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Is the arterial supply to the urogenital system made of paired or unpaired arteries? What are these arteries?

Paired arteries

• Renal Arteries

• Suprarenal Arteries

• Ovarian/Testicular Arteries

• Common Iliac Arteries

• External Iliac Arteries

• Internal Iliac Arteries

Describe the GI venous return

• Blood must pass through the liver to be filtered before returning to the heart

• Blood passes through two capillary beds; one around the GI organs and one in the liver

Describe the difference between the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic vein

• Hepatic Portal Vein: Connects the two capillary beds and goes to the liver towards the second one

• Hepatic Vein: From the liver to the heart

What are the branches of the hepatic portal system?

• Inferior mesenteric vein dumps into splenic artery

• Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein go to hepatic portal vein

• Hepatic vein leaves the liver to go to the IVC with newly filtered blood

Where are the two important anastomoses?

Esophageal Anastomosis

• The left gastric vein anastomoses with the esophageal veins which drain into the azygos vein

• Scarred liver → portal hypertension → blood backs up into the left gastric vein → more blood is forced into the esophageal veins 

• This results in esophageal veins becoming enlarged, rupturing and severe upper GI bleeding 

Rectal Anastomosis

• The superior rectal vein anastomoses with the middle and inferior rectal vein

• Portal hypertension causes blood to back up into the superior rectal vein, forcing more blood into the middle and inferior rectal veins 

• These veins become enlarged, leading to hemorrhoids which can rupture

What is the outflow, length of pre and post ganglionic neurons and give an example for the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic

• Outflow: Thoraco-Lumbar

• Short preganglionic axons

• Long postganglionic axons

• E.x.  Sympathetic trunk nerve/greater splanchnic nerve

What is the outflow, length of pre and post ganglionic neurons and give an example for the parasympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic

• Outflow: Cranio-Sacral

• Long preganglionic neurons

• Short postganglionic neurons

• E.x. Vagus cranial nerve 10

Are limbs sympathetic, parasympathetic or both when it comes to innervation?

Sympathetic

Are cranial nerves sympathetic, parasympathetic or both when it comes to innervation?

Parasympathetic

What organs have an endocrine and exocrine function?

Pancreas

• Endocrine: Releases insulin into the bloodstream

• Exocrine: Releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum (duct)

Liver

• Endocrine: Releases proteins, clotting factors and nutrients into the blood

• Exocrine: Produces bile into the biliary duct

Testes

• Endocrine: Releases testosterone into the blood

• Exocrine: Releases sperm into the reproductive duct

Ovaries

• Endocrine: Releases estrogen into the blood

• Exocrine: Releases the egg into the uterine tubes

What organs have only an endocrine function?

• Gallbladder: Stores and releases bile into the duodenum

• Prostate: Produces 20% of seminal fluid and releases it into the ejaculatory duct

• Seminal Vesicle: Produces 80% of seminal

• Bulbourethral Gland:

• Paraurethral Gland:

• Vestibular Gland: