THEME 2. History of the UK & the US

What is historiography?

It is the study of how ______ _______ _______. It is also any historical work on a particular subject. It is what we _____ or _____ about history.

historians develop history, write, say

Why is it possible to say that the most popular version of the history of the US is Euro-centric?

The history of the US is often described as starting with the ________ ___ ___________ (Vikings or Columbus), ignoring the 35,000 years of indigenous (Native American) history that existed before.

This means the focus is on the European arrival, not on the original inhabitants or deeper history. This suggests a "Euro-centric" (Europe-focused) view because it __________ the history of ___________ people in America before Europeans arrived.

arrival of Europeans, ignores, Indigenous

What did the Treaty of Union in 1707 do?
It ______ the ________ and _________ P___________, creating the single Kingdom of Great Britain and _______ political power in London.

joined, Scottish, English Parliaments, centralizing

What did the Acts of Union 1800 do?
It __________ the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

merged

What was the American Revolution about?

Conflict over _________ and the _________ (đóng quân) of British soldiers after the Seven Years' War. The colonists insisted on "no taxation without representation" and resisted British rule.

taxation, quartering

What prompted the Boston Tea Party (1773)? How did it happen?

Prompted by: The British removing all taxes _______ the one on tea.

How it happened: Patriots disguised as Indians boarded ships and dumped 342 _______ ____ _____ into Boston harbor.

except, crates of tea

During what years was the American Revolutionary War fought?

_______ to _______.

1775, 1783

What are some of the major contents of the Declaration of Independence? Who was its main author? In what year was it adopted?

Major Content: The ringing words "____ _____ ____ ____ _____." Main Author: __________ __________. Adopted: July 4, _______.

all men are created equal, Thomas Jefferson, 1776

What did the Peace of Paris in 1783 do?

It officially _____ the war and England re_________ _______ ___________.

ended, recognized American independence

When did the Victorian era start and end? Name three key features of the era.

Start/End: ________ to ______.

Key Features:

1. __________ __________ (ruling over 40% of the globe).

2. L_____________ of T_______ U________.

3. Advocacy for u________ e_________ and s_________.

1837, 1901, Global Dominance, Legalization, trade unions, universal education, suffrage

Name the major debate that motivated the American Civil War.

The question of _________ and whether it would be _______ in western territories.

slavery, legal

During what years was the Civil War fought?

______ to ________.

1861, 1865

What were the two opposing forces? What was the name of the secessionist faction (phái ly khai)?

Opposing Forces: The _______ (North) and the ___________ ______ of __________ (South). Secessionist Faction: The _____________ ________ of America.

Union, Confederate States, America, Confederate States

Who was the President of the US at that time? (American Civil War)

_________ __________.

Abraham Lincoln

The Civil War resolved two matters that vexed Americans since 1776. What are they?

1. It put an end to _________. 2. It decided that the country was an ___________ _______ (not a collection of semi-independent states).

slavery, indivisible whole

During what years was the war fought? (WW1)

_______ to ________ .

1914, 1918

How did the UK enter World War I?

Due to ________: Austria declared war on Serbia, which was allied to France, Russia, and the UK. (The UK was allied with France and Russia. When Austria declared war on Serbia (which was allied with France/Russia/UK), the UK was drawn into the conflict.)

alliances

How did the US enter World War I?

Germany's declaration of u__________ s________ w_______ against all Allied-bound ships led the US to declare war in ______.

unrestricted submarine warfare, 1917

Who was the US president during the war? (WW1)

W______ W______.

Woodrow Wilson

Did the US join the League of Nations?

___. The U.S. Senate did not ratify the treaty, and the United States turned inward.

No

🔴 American First Red Scare (right aftter the Oct revolution in Russia)

Question	Answer
What prompted the 1919–1920 Red Scare in the US?	A series of t_________ b_________ in _____, leading to the deportation of foreign-born political radicals and a hostility toward foreigners.

terrorist bombings, 1919

🗳 First-wave Feminism

Question	Answer
When did women in the UK and the US first have the right to vote?	UK: Women were granted the same universal suffrage as men in ______.  US:(The text does not explicitly state the year, but historically it is the 19th Amendment in _____).

1918, 1920

🎷 Roaring Twenties

Question	Answer
What war ended right before the start of the Roaring Twenties?	World War __.

I

In the US, what style of music became popular during the Roaring Twenties?

________ .

Jazz

What is often said about the spirit of the Roaring Twenties?

It was an "_________ and __________ time" of ________ coexisting with ________ __________; a time of _________ __________.

extraordinary, confusing, hedonism, puritanical conservatism, superficial prosperity

What event brought the Roaring Twenties to a grinding halt?

The _________ ________ ________ in ______.

stock market crash, 1929

What were some of the major causes of the Great Depression?

________ _________ in the stock market (e.g., buying "on margin") which pushed prices far above real value; the subsequent stock market crash.

Reckless speculation

📉 The Great Depression

What was the New Deal in the US? What were the key contents of the New Deal?

What is the New Deal?

- A series of d_________ p___________, p____ w____ projects, and financial r________ and r__________ enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938, with the aim of addressing the Great Depression

- 3 R’s:

+ _______ : provide _____ for the unemployed and protect farmers from foreclosure

+ ___________ : get the economy back into high gear

+ __________ : regulate banks, abolish child labor, conserve farm lands

=> Improve the economy but not end the Great Depression

domestic programs, public work, reforms, regulations, Relief, jobs, Recovery, Reform

💣 World War II

In what years was the war fought?

______ to _______.

1939, 1945

How did the UK enter World War II?

Britain and France were _______ to declare war on Germany after the __________ of ________ in September 1939.

forced, invasion, Poland

Who was the British Prime Minister of the UK during the World War II?

W_______ C________.

Winston Churchill

How did the US enter World War II?

The ________ of _______ ______ naval base in Hawaii by the Japanese in December 1941 brought the United States into the war.

bombing, Pearl Harbor

What happened to the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively?

President Harry Truman ordered the use of _________ _________ against the cities.

atomic bombs

Name the conference where the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) were established.

On July 1, 1944, at the _________ ________ Conference, IBRD and IMF were established by delegates from 44 nations. (They met at the secluded Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to agree on a system of economic order and international cooperation that would help countries recover from the devastation of the war and foster long-term global growth.)

Bretton Woods

Name the conference where the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders.

__________ _________ Conference on International Organization, held in San Francisco, United States, from April 25 to June 26, 1945. (The purpose: to establish a new international organization to replace the League of Nations and promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. The result: the United Nations Charter was signed on June 26, 1945.)

San Francisco

📦 UK Decolonization

Describe the UK’s policy towards its colonies after World War II.

Various factors impacted the UK's approach to its colonies after World War II: economic, political, and social considerations accompanied by the rise of nationalist movements in many colonies. Following are the approaches the UK took in response to the situation:

• De_____________ and I___________ M___________: After the war: a rise in nationalist movements and demands for self-determination in Britain's colonies -> The UK recognized the right of colonies to determine their future and began a process of decolonization.

• The C_________ D___________ and W__________ A______: In 1945, the British government passed the Colonial Development and Welfare Act aimed to improve the economic and social conditions in the colonies.

• Formation of the C___________: Gaining independence, many colonies chose to join the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of independent nations with historical links to the British Empire.

• Retention of O_________ T_________: Granting independence to many colonies, the UK retained some overseas territories (those with strategic importance or significant British populations).

Decolonization, Independence Movements, Colonial Development, Welfare Act, Commonwealth, Overseas Territories

What does the Cold War refer to?

_________ between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII, marked by Soviet forces imposing C___________ d_________ in Eastern Europe.

Tensions, Communist dictatorships

When did the Cold War start and end?

• Start: Soon after the WWII(_____).

• End: ______, when the Soviet Union dissolved.

1948, 1991

What does the American Second Red Scare refer to?

A period in the early 1950s where some believed the U.S. government (State Department, Army) was "riddled with Communists," as asserted by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

The American Second Red Scare refers to the period of i_______ f________ in the United States about the if_________ of c___________ and the potential for communist infiltration within American society and government. This period was marked by widespread suspicions, accusations, and investigations of suspected communists, often leading to u_______ tr_______ and v__________ of civil liberties. It's most closely associated with the activities of Senator Joseph McCarthy and is often referred to as "McCarthyism.

intense fear, influence, communism, unfair trials, violations

🚁 Vietnam/American War

Question	Answer
Who was the US president during the escalation of the War from 1963 to 1969?	______ ___ ________
Who was the US president that pursued a policy of Vietnamization, which gradually replaced American soldiers with Vietnamese?	________ ______.

Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon

🧑‍⚖ Jim Crow Era & Civil Rights

What were Jim Crow laws?

Jim Crow laws were any of the laws that enforced R________ Seg______________ in the American South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. In its Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that "________ but ______ " facilities for African Americans did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, ignoring evidence that the facilities for Black people were i__________ to those intended for whites.

racial segregation, separate, equal, inferior

What were the goals and achievements of the Civil Rights Movement that happened between 1954 and 1968 in the US?

The general goal was to es_________ r_______ j__________ and the text notes protests against injustice and discrimination.

• Goals:

  • End _____ ___________ and discrimination.

  • Secure _______ __________and opportunities for all citizens, regardless of race.

  • Eliminate barriers to _______ and political participation.

  • Achieve economic and social justice for African Americans.

• Achievements:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): Ended segregation on public buses.

  • Civil Rights Act of 1964: Banned discrimination in public accommodations and employment.

  • Voting Rights Act of 1965: Eliminated discriminatory voting practices.

  • March on Washington (1963): Raised awareness and support for civil rights.

  • Fair Housing Act of 1968: Addressed housing discrimination.

  • Desegregation of schools, sit-ins, and freedom rides: Challenged racial segregation in various contexts.

establish racial justice, racial segregation, equal rights, voting

📣 Second-wave Feminism

As a period of feminist activity, when is the wave thought to have first begun in the US? How did it differ from the first-wave feminism?

The feminist movement in the United States is generally divided into four waves. The second wave of feminism began in the ea_____ 19_______ and lasted through the ea____ 19______. It was characterized by a focus on issues such as reproductive rights, sexuality, and workplace discrimination. The second wave differed from the first wave of feminism, which focused primarily on women's suffrage and legal rights (Second-wave br________ this to all areas of life). The second wave was also _______ in________ of women of color and women from working-class backgrounds

early 1960s, early 1980s, broadened, more inclusive

According to US President George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, what was the mission of the 2003 invasion of Iraq?

According to U.S. President George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, the mission of the 2003 invasion of Iraq was "to __________ Iraq of weapons of m_______ d___________, to _____ Saddam Hussein's _______ for terrorism, and to f_____ the Iraqi people"

disarm, mass destruction, end, support, free

What are some of the key conclusions of the Iraq Inquiry?

The inquiry concluded that the UK chose to join the invasion before peaceful options had been ex________ , that the threat posed by Iraq's weapons was ex__________, and that the planning for the aftermath of the war was wholly in_________ .

exhausted, exaggerated, inadequate

1. What is the best definition of historiography?
   A. The history of European exploration
   B. The study of how historians develop history
   C. The biography of famous historical figures
   D. The collection of ancient artifacts

B

1. Which event created the single Kingdom of Great Britain and centralized power in London?
   A. The Peace of Paris (1783)
   B. The Acts of Union (1800)
   C. The Treaty of Union (1707)
   D. The Declaration of Independence (1776)

C

1. What was the primary slogan used by colonists to resist British rule during the American Revolution?
   A. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
   B. No taxation without representation
   C. Peace, Land, and Bread
   D. Workers of the world, unite

B

1. Which US President is the main author of the Declaration of Independence?
   A. George Washington
   B. Abraham Lincoln
   C. Thomas Jefferson
   D. Woodrow Wilson

C

1. Which of the following was NOT a key feature of the Victorian Era?
   A. Britain ruling over 40% of the globe
   B. Legalization of trade unions
   C. The dissolution of the Soviet Union
   D. Advocacy for universal education

C

1. What was the main debate that motivated the American Civil War?
   A. The tax on tea imports
   B. The legality of slavery in western territories
   C. The right of women to vote
   D. The borders with Canada

B

1. Which event caused the United States to enter World War I in 1917?
   A. The bombing of Pearl Harbor
   B. The invasion of Poland
   C. Germany’s declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare
   D. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

C

1. What brought the "Roaring Twenties" to a sudden end?
   A. The end of World War I
   B. The stock market crash of 1929
   C. The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt
   D. The invention of Jazz music

B

1. Which US policy aimed to help the economy recover from the Great Depression?
   A. The New Deal
   B. The Marshall Plan
   C. Vietnamization
   D. The War on Terror

A

1. Who was the British Prime Minister during World War II?
   A. Tony Blair
   B. Winston Churchill
   C. Neville Chamberlain
   D. Margaret Thatcher

B

1. What was the result of the UK's policy towards its colonies after World War II?
   A. It expanded the empire significantly
   B. It declared war on all colonies
   C. It gradually dismantled the empire and granted independence
   D. It sold the colonies to the United States

C

1. Which US President pursued the policy of "Vietnamization"?
   A. Lyndon B. Johnson
   B. John F. Kennedy
   C. Richard Nixon
   D. Dwight D. Eisenhower

C

1. According to the Iraq Inquiry, what was a key conclusion about the 2003 invasion?
   A. The planning for the aftermath was excellent
   B. Peaceful options had been exhausted before the invasion
   C. The threat of weapons of mass destruction was exaggerated
   D. Iraq possessed a large nuclear arsenal

C

Section 2: Decide whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE

14. The history of the US is often called "Euro-centric" because it focuses on the arrival of Europeans and ignores indigenous history.

15. The Acts of Union 1800 merged the Kingdoms of Great Britain and France.

T, F

Section 2: Decide whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE

14. The American Revolutionary War lasted from 1775 to 1783.

15. The US Senate ratified the Treaty of Versailles and joined the League of Nations after World War I.

T, F

Section 2: Decide whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE

14. The "First Red Scare" in the US was prompted by a series of terrorist bombings in 1919.

15. Women in the UK were granted the same universal suffrage as men in 1918.

T, F (1928)

Section 2: Decide whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE

14. The Cold War refers to the tension between the US and China immediately after WWII.

15. Senator Joseph McCarthy asserted that the US government was full of Communists during the Second Red Scare.

16. The mission of the 2003 invasion of Iraq was to find weapons of mass destruction and end Saddam Hussein's regime.

F, T, T

Section 3: Fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE words

23. The Boston Tea Party was prompted when the British removed all taxes except the one on ____________________.

24. The American Civil War resolved that the country was an ____________________ whole, not a collection of semi-independent states.

tea, indivisible

Section 3: Fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE words

23. During the Roaring Twenties, the popular style of music in the US was ____________________.

24. One major cause of the Great Depression was reckless ____________________ in the stock market.

Jazz, speculation

Section 3: Fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE words

23. The US entered World War II after the Japanese bombed ____________________ in 1941.

24. President Harry Truman ordered the use of ____________________ against Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Pearl Harbor, atomic bombs

Section 3: Fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE words

23. The Cold War ended in 1991 when the ____________________ dissolved.

24. During the Vietnam War, President ____________________ was in power during the escalation from 1963 to 1969.

Soviet Union, Lyndon B. Johnson

Section 4: Briefly answer the following questions in ONE or TWO sentences

31. What did the Peace of Paris in 1783 officially accomplish?

It officially ended the_________ _____________ ________ and England recognized American _______________.

American Revolutionary War, independence

Section 4: Briefly answer the following questions in ONE or TWO sentences

31. What are the two main opposing forces of the American Civil War?

The opposing forces were the Union (North) and the Confederate States of America (South).

Section 4: Briefly answer the following questions in ONE or TWO sentences

31. How did the alliance system lead the UK to enter World War I?

The UK entered World War I due to its alliances with France and Russia after Austria declared war on Serbia

Section 4: Briefly answer the following questions in ONE or TWO sentences

31. Describe the spirit of the "Roaring Twenties" as mentioned in the notes.

It was a confusing time of hedonism mixed with puritanical conservatism and superficial prosperity.

Section 4: Briefly answer the following questions in ONE or TWO sentences

31. What were two key contents of the New Deal created to help the US economy?

It created millions of jobs through agencies like the CCC and WPA, and established the Social Security Act for pensions.

Section 4: Briefly answer the following questions in ONE or TWO sentences

31. Why did Britain and France declare war on Germany in 1939?

They were forced to declare war after Germany invaded Poland.

Section 4: Briefly answer the following questions in ONE or TWO sentences

31. What is the "Commonwealth of Nations" in the context of post-WWII history?

 It is an association formed by most of the former British colonies after they gained independence.