Exam 3 - kinesiology , shoulder, hip, spine

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis

amphiarthrotic with limited mobility

what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint during youth and adult years

diarthrotic / synovial during youth

modified amphiarthrotic as you age and bones solidify, the sacrum will still move

what type of joint is the femoroacetabular

diarthrotic - ball and socket

what makes up the Innominates of the hip

illium , ischium, and pubis

which part of the hip do we sit on

ischium

which part of the hip makes the hip area

illium

Sacrum - with sacroiliac dysfunction =

abnormal gait with low back pain , correction with typically be in the si joint

what does the sacrum have in regards to properties

load bearing properties

the facets of the sacrum are ___ and articulate with ___

concave and articulate with the facets of the 5th lumbar

5 Sacral ligaments

Anterior sacroiliac ligament

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament

Posterior sacroiliac ligament

Sacrotuberous ligament

Sacrospinous ligament

ROM at the sacrum

nutation

counternutation

and torsion

what is nutation, counternutation, and torsion

anterior tilt

posterior tilt

rotation, side to side

sacral movement while sitting

Slight counternutation (posterior tilt),

slight nutation ,

pain below lumbar spine =

standing si joint issue , standing pain , typically lumbar

sacral movement while standing

slight nutation

stability (close packed)

sacral movement while walking

Right hip flexion = Right on Right Movement

Left hip flexion = Left on Left Movement

how is the acetabulum similar and different to the glenoid

Deeper socket in the acetabular , bigger bony block , larger ligament support, more stability but less range of motion in comparison to the glenohumeral

how to prevent balance issues and issues in locomotion

engage in lower extremity resistance training

what fractures are common in geriatrics

femoral neck fractures

proximal femur includes

femoral head

greater trochanter (use for landmark as axis)

lesser trochanter

shaft

feature of the femoral shaft

Shaft has slight anterior convexity to allow for wt. Bearing

Requires lots of force to break , typically car accidents

femoral inclination angle at birth and in adults

140 - 150 in birth

125 in adults

what is the femoral inclination

uses the frontal plane angle to see where the femoral neck sits

on the medial side of the shaft

different the q angle

coxa vara / valga

Coxa Vara (<125°) (bow legged)

Coxa Valga (>125°) ( demi lovato disney knock knees)

what plane is femoral torsion angle in

horizontal plane

viewed from above / superior

normal femoral torsion angle of ante version

excessive anteversion

retroversion

NL is 10°-15° of anteversion (inward rotation)

Excessive Anteversion (>15°)

Femur is rotated inward,

Severe will present as severe inversion of the feet,

Retroversion (<10°)

Rotated outwards , duck feet if severe

femoroacetablar ligaments

Iliofemoral lig.

Ligamentum Teres (obturator artery)

angle of flexion in the hip

120 degrees with knee flexed

90 degrees with knee extended

angle of extension in the hip

20 degrees

angle of adduction in the hip

25

angle of abduction in the hip

40

angle of internal rotation in the hip

35

angle of external rotation in the hip

45

6 active motions of of the hip

Flexion/Extension

Abduction/Adduction

Internal/External Rotation

6 accessory motions of the hip

Compression/Distraction - accessory

Anterior/Posterior Glide - accessory

Medial/Lateral Glide - accessory

hip flexors

illiopsoas and rectus femoris

origin and insertion of illiopsoas

O: Iliacus muscle: Iliac fossa (inner surface of the pelvis)

Psoas major muscle: Transverse processes and vertebral bodies of lumbar vertebrae L1-L5

I: lesser trochanter of the femur

origin and insertion of rectus femoris

Rectus femoris

O: anterior inferior iliac spine

I: base of the patella via the quadriceps

tendon/tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.

hip extensors

gluteus maximus

biceps femoris

semi tendinousus

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

origin and insertion of glute max

O: Posterior surface of the ilium (gluteal region), Sacrum, Coccyx, and Sacrotuberous ligament.

I: gluteal tuberosity of the femur and iliotibial tract

biceps femoris origin and insertion

O: Long head: Ischial tuberosity;

Short head: Lateral lip of the linea aspera

(rough ridge on the back of the femur)

I: Both heads: Head of the fibula

semitendinousus origin and insertion

O: inferior aspect of the posterior portion of

the ischial tuberosity. Shares a common tendon origin with the long head of the biceps femoris.

I: upper part of the medial surface of the tibia

glute med origin and insertion

O: gluteal surface of the ilium, specifically between the anterior and

posterior gluteal lines

I: inserts onto the lateral side of the greater trochanter of the femur

glute min origin and insertion

O: Ilium, between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines

I: Anterior border of the greater trochanter of the femur

adductor muscles of the hip

adductor Magnus and adductor breves

which adductor is more susceptible to injury

adductor brevis

adductor Magnus origin and insertion

O: two distinct parts: adductor portion originating from the pubic and ischial rami,

and a hamstring portion arising from the ischial tuberosity

I: linea aspera of the femur, the gluteal tuberosity, and the adductor tubercle of the femur

origin and insertion of adductor brevis

O: anterior surface of the body of pubis, while some fibers also arise from the lateral surface of the inferior pubic ramus

I: Superior half of the medial lip of the linea aspera and Pectineal line.

muscles of hip internal rotation

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

external rotation muscles of the hip

piriformis , quadriceps femoris

origin and insertion of the piriformis

O: Anterior surface of the sacrum (between the second, third, and fourth sacral vertebrae); Sacrotuberous ligament; Gluteal surface of the ilium (near the posterior inferior iliac spine)

I: Superior border of the greater trochanter of the femur; Lateral aspect of the hip joint capsule

quadriceps femoris origin and insertion

O: Lateral margin of the ischial tuberosity

I: Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the femur

what can sciatic be from

piriformis syndrome, sacroilliac dysfunction , or lumbar structural issues

what is SI dysfunction

pain from sciatica radiating from buttocks down the leg and can travel to feet and toes

what are the 5 spine sections

Cervical (n = 7)

Thoracic (n = 12)

Lumbar (n = 5)

Sacrum (n = 5)

Coccyx (n = 4-5)

how many moveable sections of the spine are there and what are they

Cervical (n = 7)

Thoracic (n = 12)

Lumbar (n = 5)

which part of the spine has the greatest ROM, but most susceptible to issues

cervical spine

why is there no restriction for head movement

due to shape of atlas and Axis - to allow for head mobility

what are the thoracic associated with and what is a function

associated with ribs

another area where force distribution happens

why are lumbar spine larger and what does it affect

affects movement / limits

larger for more force distribution

which projection is the transverse process

which projection is the spinous process

lateral projection

posterior projection

function of facets

decrease stress

which cervical is c1 - which is c2

atlas - c1

axis - c2

if you have good intervertebral disc health what will it help

helps force distribution

what part of the intervertebral disc is the gel

nucleus pulposus

highly elastic

what % are the nucleus pulpous water

and what will compression and depression do

60-70%

compression = dehydration

decompression = rehydration

what is the annulus fibrosis and what does the pattern help with

outer layer; tough and fibrous; fibers form X pattern; some portion of disc always taut; thinner posteriorly; secures to vertebrae above and below

pattern helps force distribution

where is the annulus and nucleus thinner

posteriorly

where do most disc problems happen (anterior or posterior )

posterior

what are intervertebral discs secured to

secured to the body by vertebral endplate

function of intervertebral discs 3

Function as shock absorbers for longitudinal compression

Help increase total range of motion

Vary in thickness due to loads imposed

a bulging disc vs herniated disc

bulging = annulus still in tact

herniated = annulus has a hole and is compressed even more , nerve root compression

3 degrees of movement of the spine

flexion / extension

rotation

tilting (lateral flexion)

translatory motions between the vertebrae

forward glide

lateral glide

compression / distraction

how many pairs of ribs are true and floating

10 true

2 floating

what do true ribs attached to

the sternum

what is a slip disc

disc that has been rotated

what type of joint are the vertebrae

amphiarthrotic

what type of joint are facets

synovial

cervical spine flexion degrees

45- 50

cervical spine extension

85

cervical spine rotation

90

cervical spine lateral flexion

45

4 joint movements of the cervical spine

anterior / posterior translation

lateral translation

rotation

compression / distraction

flexion of thoracolumbar

85

extension of thoracolumbar

40

rotation of thoracolumbar

and how many degrees away from t spine

35

30 away from t spine

what is the function of the splenius cercicus

extension; lateral flexion and rotation to the same side; supports head in upright posture.

origins and insertion of splenius cervicis

O: spinous processes of the third to sixth thoracic vertebrae (T3-T6)

I: transverse processes of the first to third cervical vertebrae (C1-C3)

splenius capitus function

extension ,

rotation to the same side

splenius capitis origin and insertion

O: Lower part of the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae

I: Mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

what does the posterior trunk relate to

posture mainly

function of trapezius (what do they help support the weight of)

helps maintain upright posture; supports weight of head and arms

traps origin and insertion

Trapezius: O: External occipital protuberance, Superior nuchal line, Nuchal ligament, and Spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae

I: Lateral third of the clavicle; Acromion process of the scapula; Spine of the scapula (between the superior and inferior borders)

function of rhomboids

help maintain upright posture via scap retraction

scap elevation

origin and insertion of rhomboids

major origin : Spinous processes

of thoracic vertebrae T2-T5

insertion :

Medial border of the scapula, inferior to the spine of the scapula

origin minor :

Spinous process

of the seventh cervical vertebra

(C7) and thoracic vertebra T1

insertion minor :

Medial border of the scapula, superior to the spine of the scapula

latissimus dorsi function

helps maintain upright posture via spinal extension

elevation

adduction

horizontal adduction

origin and insertion of lats Dorsi

O: Spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae T7-L5, Thoracolumbar fascia, Iliac crest, and Inferior angles of the last 3-4 ribs.

I: Floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus

levator scapulae function

Helps to maintain proper shoulder position; prevents forward head posture

Scapular elevation

levator scap origin and insertion

O: Transverse processes of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae (C2-C4)

I: Medial border of the scapula, between the superior angle and the spine of the scapula