vocab

proteome

proteome

entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

protocells

droplets with membranes maintaining an internal chemistry different form surroundings (think beta ver. of cells)

vesticles

fluid-filled compartments enclosed by membrane-like structure

ribozyme

weak catalyst from some RNA

stromatolites

old ass layered fossils/rocks formed from prokaryote activities

gram-negative

having two cell membranes

aerobic

reelases oxygen

endosymbiosis

think vore but organism ver. where the two coexist and then synthesize

endosymbiont

the one engulfed

host cell

engulfer

serial endosymbiosis hypothesis

mitochondria developed before plastids

endosymbiont theory

mitochondria and plastids were originally endosymbionts

secondary endosymbiosis

the vore happens twice

domain

key structural/functional region of a protein

cadherins

genes that encode domains of certain proteins

strata

layers of rock pressed together

homology

similarity resulting from common ancestry

vestigial structures

remnants of features that originally served a function for the organism’s ancestors

homologous structures

variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor

moelcular homologies

goes beyond the regular shared/universal genetic code that all forms of life use

pseudogenes

inactive genes that only exist because a common ancestor had them

analogy/analogous

similar features with similar features without common ancestor

convergent evolution

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages due to similar external pressures (analogous)

biogeography

geographic distribution of organisms

phylogeny

evolutionary history of a species/group of related species

systematics

scientific discipline of classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

taxonomy

how organisms are named and classified

genus

first part of species nomenclature

specific epithet

second part of species nomenclature

formula for species nomenclature

genus + specific epithet

taxon

named unit

sister taxa

in a phylogenic graph, the group that shares a common ancestor not shared by any other group

basal taxon

in a phylogenic graph, the lineage that diverges early on

branch point

in a phylogenic graph, represents a common ancestor

divergent evolution

different environmental pressures produce adaptations in organisms of the same evolutionary lineages (homologous)

cladistics

systematic way where organisms are placed into groups called clades based on common descent

monophyletic

in a cladogram, when all species are from only one lineage (taxons = clades iff monophyletic)

paraphyletic

in a cladogram, not all species of one lineage

polyphyletic

multiple lineages

shared ancestral characters

shared by clade members but originated from an ancestor not part of that clade

shared derived characters

evolutionary novelties unique to a specific clade

outgroup

from closely related evolutionary lineage but not part of group being studied

ingroup

group being studied

maximum parisomony

a principle that states that the simplest explanation for an observation should be prioritized/investigated first

molecular clock

method to estimate time of an amount of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates

divergence time

time elapsed from when the genes branched from their common ancestor

horizontal gene transfer

transfer of genes from one genome to another

allele

different versions of traits

phenotype

expressed trait

genotype

allele sequence

chromosome

“package” of organized DNA

locus

location of gene

microevolution

evolutionary change below species level

macroevolution

evolutionary change above species level

introns

noncoding parts of DNA lying between exons

exons

regions retained in mRNA after RNA processing (coding parts basically lol)

neutral variation

no disadvantage/advantage

gene pool

consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of a population

adaptive evolution

survival/reproduction enhancing traits tend to increase in frequency in a population over time

genetic drift

chance events cause unpredictable flunctations in alle frequencies from one generation to the next

founder effect

isolated individuals form a new population from og population

bottleneck effect

population size reduced by natural disasters/human actions

gene flow

allele transfer between populations due to emigration/immigration

relative fitness

an individual’s contribution to the gene pool of the next generation (relative to others)

directional selection

one end of a phenotype range is more fit

disruptive selection

both ends/extremes of a phenotype range is fit

stabilizing selection

intermediate phenotypes are more fit

balancing selection

2 or more phenotype forms are maintained in a population

frequency dependent selection

phenotype fitness is dependent on how common it is

sexual dimorphism

differences in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species due to sexual selection

intrasexual selection

selection within the same sex

intersexual selection/mate choice

selection between opposite sexes

heterozygote advantage

preserves variation in gene pools

speciation

process of one species splitting into two or more species (often prevented by gene flow)

biological species concept

definition of a species as populations with the potential to interbreed in nature (and produce viable, fertile offspring) but not with other groups of populations

reproductive isolation

biological barriers impeding members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

prezygotic barriers

reproductive barriers impeding mating between species

morphological species concept

definition of a species distinguishing it by body shpae/anatomy

ecological species concept

definition of a species based on ecological niches

allopatric speciation

speciation derived from geographical isolation

sympatric speciaton

speciation derived from the same geographical location

polyploidy

when an accident during cell division results in extra set(s) of chromosomes (chromosomal alteration)

autopolyploid

type of polyploidy where all chromosome sets are derived from a single species

allopolyploid

type of polyploidy where chromosome sets are a result form two different species interbreeding

hybrid zone

region where different species meet and mate

punctuated equilibria

in a fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis/inactivity in a morphological change interrupted by sudden (relatively brief) periods of change

plate tectonics

theory that the continents are part of great plates of the Earth’s crust that float on the hot, underlying portion of the mantle

adaptive radiation

period of evolutionary change where groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities

prezygotic reproductive barriers

(prior to fertilization) habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

postzygotic barriers

(after fertilization) reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown