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Scalars
Quantities that contain only magnitude.
Vectors
Quantities that contain both magnitude and direction.
Speed
The distance traveled per unit of time.
Velocity
Speed with a specified direction.
Distance
The total path traveled, regardless of direction.
Displacement
The shortest distance from the initial to the final position in a specific direction.
Amplitude
The maximum extent of a wave in its oscillation.
Frequency
The number of cycles of a wave that occur in a unit of time.
Wavelength
The distance between successive crests of a wave.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation.
Analogue Signals
Signals that vary continuously, often representing sound or light.
Digital Signals
Signals that represent data using discrete values (0s & 1s).
Critical Angle
The angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs.
Ionization
The process of adding or removing charged particles from atoms.
Alpha Radiation
A type of nuclear radiation consisting of helium nuclei, with a charge of +2.
Beta Radiation
A type of nuclear radiation consisting of electrons or positrons, with a charge of -1.
Gamma Radiation
A type of nuclear radiation composed of high-energy photons with no charge.
Life Cycle of a Star
The series of stages that stars go through from birth to death.
Protostar
The initial stage of a star's formation, before nuclear fusion begins.
Main Sequence Star
A star that is in the main stage of its life cycle, fusing hydrogen into helium.
Red Giant
A late stage in a star's life cycle where it expands and cools after exhausting hydrogen.
