AP Euro lucky 100

plus or minus a few terms (let me know if I messed up on something)

socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or government ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods and services, with the goal of achieving greater equality and social justice. It aims to eliminate social classes and promote cooperation and shared benefits among all members of society.

liberals in 1800s

Political ideology that advocates for individual freedom, civil liberties, and social equality. In the 1800s, they supported abolitionism, women's suffrage, and the separation of church and state.

conservatives in 1800s

Political ideology in the 1800s that emphasized traditional values, limited government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Conservatives believed in preserving the social hierarchy and maintaining a strong central government to protect individual liberties and property rights. They opposed radical changes and supported the status quo, including the institution of slavery.

Lutheran theology

Belief system based on Martin Luther's teachings. Emphasizes salvation by faith alone, authority of scripture, and the priesthood of all believers. Rejects some Catholic doctrines, such as purgatory and papal authority.

Calvinist theology

A theology emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God in salvation. It holds to the five points of TULIP: Total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, and Perseverance of the saints.

romantic nationalism

A cultural and political movement that arose in the 19th century Europe, emphasizing the importance of national identity, language, history, and traditions. It aimed to unite people within a nation-state, often through the use of symbols and myths.

realistic nationalism

A type of nationalism that emphasizes the importance of a shared culture, language, and history in defining a nation, but also recognizes the diversity within that nation. It promotes unity and pride in one's country while acknowledging the need for cooperation and respect for other nations.

renaissance humanism

Philosophical movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the potential of human beings to achieve greatness through education, reason, and critical thinking.

Christian humanism

A philosophy that emphasizes the dignity and worth of human beings, while also acknowledging the importance of Christianity in shaping our understanding of morality and ethics.

humanism

Philosophy emphasizing the value of human beings, individual freedom, and rational thinking. It rejects supernatural explanations and focuses on improving society through reason and science.

Machiavelli

Italian philosopher and writer of the Renaissance period. He is best known for his book "The Prince," which explores the nature of power and politics. Machiavelli believed that rulers should do whatever is necessary to maintain their power, even if it meant being ruthless or deceitful. He is often associated with the phrase "the ends justify the means."

English reformation

The English Reformation was a 16th-century religious and political movement that led to the establishment of the Church of England. It was initiated by King Henry VIII's desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and remarry. This led to the break from the authority of the Pope and the establishment of the English monarch as the head of the Church in England. The English Reformation had a profound impact on English society and politics and paved the way for the development of Protestantism in England.

King Henry VII

The King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. He is most famous for his six marriages, his break with the Roman Catholic Church, and his role in the English Reformation.

Austro-Hungarian nationality problem

Issue that emerged in the late 19th century due to the diverse ethnic groups within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It led to tensions and conflicts between different nationalities, ultimately contributing to the empire's collapse in WWI.

Austro-Hungarian war

Conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in 1914 that sparked World War I.

dual monarchy

A political system where two separate kingdoms share the same monarch, but maintain their own parliaments and governments.

pan-Slavism

A political movement advocating for the unification of all Slavic peoples.

adam smith

Scottish economist and philosopher who is considered the father of modern economics. He is best known for his book "The Wealth of Nations" which introduced the concept of the invisible hand and argued for free market capitalism.

revolution of 1830

Event that occurred in France in July 1830. It was a popular uprising that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and established a constitutional monarchy. It was sparked by economic crisis, political corruption, and censorship. The revolution resulted in the crowning of Louis-Philippe as the "King of the French" and the establishment of a more liberal government. It also inspired similar uprisings across Europe.

revolution of 1848

A series of uprisings across Europe in 1848, sparked by economic and political grievances. The revolutions sought to establish constitutional monarchies and liberal democracies, but ultimately failed due to internal divisions and lack of support from conservative forces. They did, however, pave the way for future political reforms and the rise of nationalism.

french politics in 19th century

Flashcard:

• Period of French history from 1815 to 1870
• Marked by frequent changes in government
• Two main political groups: Legitimists and Orleanists
• Legitimists supported the Bourbon monarchy
• Orleanists supported the Orléans branch of the royal family
• Political instability led to the establishment of the Second French Empire under Napoleon III in 1852.

spainish civil war

Event that occurred in Spain from 1936 to 1939, where republican forces fought against nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco. The war ended with Franco's victory, leading to a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975.

scientific revolution

Flashcard for Scientific Revolution:

• A period of intellectual and cultural transformation in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.
• It marked a shift from traditional beliefs to scientific reasoning and observation.
• Important figures of this movement include Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and Francis Bacon.
• Their discoveries and theories challenged the existing beliefs of the time and laid the foundation for modern science.
• The Scientific Revolution paved the way for advancements in fields such as physics, astronomy, and biology.

scientific method

Process used by scientists to investigate phenomena. It involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

council of trents

This was a meeting of Catholic leaders in the 16th century that aimed to address the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, clarified church teachings, and addressed issues such as corruption and the sale of indulgences.

catholic counter reformation

The Catholic Counter Reformation was a movement by the Catholic Church to respond to the Protestant Reformation. It included the Council of Trent, the founding of the Jesuits, and the Index of Forbidden Books.

edict of nantes

This law granted religious freedom to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion. It was issued by King Henry IV in 1598.

Dutch republic in 17th century

A European country that emerged as a maritime power in the 17th century. It was a republic governed by wealthy merchants and had a strong navy. It was known for its religious tolerance and intellectual climate, which attracted artists and thinkers. It also played a major role in the global economy through its trade networks and colonies.

16th century economic life

The economic life during the 16th century was characterized by the rise of capitalism, the growth of international trade, and the emergence of new economic systems. The period also witnessed the decline of feudalism, the expansion of agriculture, and the development of new industries. The 16th century saw the emergence of mercantilism as a dominant economic theory, which emphasized the importance of accumulating wealth through trade and the acquisition of colonies.

mercantilist theory

Flashcard for Mercantilist Theory:

• Economic theory popular in Europe from the 16th to 18th century
• Believed that a country's wealth was measured by its amount of gold and silver
• Encouraged exports and discouraged imports to increase the nation's wealth
• Government played a key role in regulating trade and promoting economic growth

development and rise of Prussia

Flashcard: How did Prussia develop and rise to power?

Answer: Prussia emerged as a powerful state in the 17th century under the leadership of the Hohenzollern family. They expanded their territories through military conquests, forming alliances and modernizing their army. Prussia's victory over Austria in the Seven Years' War established them as a dominant power in Europe. The reforms of Frederick the Great, such as the abolition of serfdom and the promotion of education, helped to strengthen the state and lay the foundation for its future success.

trade union 19th century

An organization formed by workers in the 19th century to protect their rights and interests in the workplace through collective bargaining and strikes.

romanticism

An artistic and literary movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature. It originated in Europe in the late 18th century and spread to America in the 19th century. Romanticism rejected the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and logic, instead focusing on the subjective experience and imagination.

napoleon I

French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became the emperor of France. He conquered much of Europe and introduced a series of reforms, including the Napoleonic Code, which influenced European legal systems.

napoleon III

Napoleon III was the first elected president of France, who later became the emperor of France. He modernized France and made significant changes to the economy, infrastructure, and social policies. His reign ended after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

impact of napoleons empire

Napoleon's Empire had a significant impact on Europe. It spread nationalism and liberal ideas, abolished feudalism, and created a new legal code. However, it also led to the loss of countless lives and resources, and ultimately contributed to the rise of authoritarian regimes.

reign of terror

A series of meetings held by the Catholic Church in the 16th century to address the Protestant Reformation, reaffirm Catholic doctrine, and establish reforms within the Church.

robsespierre

French lawyer and politician who became the leader of the radical Jacobin party during the French Revolution. He was a key figure in the Reign of Terror, a period of violence and political repression. He was eventually arrested and executed in 1794.

metternich

Austrian statesman who played a central role in the negotiations leading to the Congress of Vienna. He was a conservative figure who believed in the restoration of the old order in Europe and the suppression of liberal and nationalist movements.

concert of europe

The Concert of Europe was a system of cooperation between major European powers to maintain the balance of power and prevent conflicts after the Napoleonic Wars. It was established in 1815 and lasted until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The Concert of Europe consisted of regular meetings between the major powers, where they discussed and coordinated their policies on various issues, such as territorial disputes, revolutions, and alliances. The Concert of Europe helped maintain peace in Europe for several decades, but ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of World War I.

german politics after 1871

The period after the unification of Germany in 1871 saw the establishment of the German Empire under the rule of the Kaiser. The government was a federal system with power divided between the central government and the individual states. The political climate was dominated by conservative and nationalist forces, and the country experienced rapid industrialization and expansionism. This era also saw the rise of the Social Democratic Party and the emergence of Germany as a major European power.

social impacts of industrial revolution

The social impacts of the Industrial Revolution were significant. It led to urbanization, the growth of the middle class, and the rise of labor unions. It also caused child labor, poor working conditions, and pollution.

french politics in 16th and 17th century’s

Flashcard for French Politics in 16th and 17th Century:

• France was ruled by absolute monarchy.
• Religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants led to wars.
• The Edict of Nantes granted religious toleration to Huguenots.
• Cardinal Richelieu strengthened the power of the monarchy.
• Louis XIV centralized the government and promoted mercantilism.
• The Fronde was a series of uprisings against the monarchy by nobles and commoners.

peter the great

• Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725
• Modernized Russia by westernizing its culture and economy
• Founded St. Petersburg as a new capital city and port
• Expanded Russian territory through military conquests
• Reformed the Russian Orthodox Church and introduced secular education

Oliver Cromwell

Name: Oliver Cromwell

Title: Lord Protector of England

Achievements: Led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War, abolished the monarchy and House of Lords, established a republic, and promoted religious freedom.

Legacy: Controversial figure, praised for his military and political leadership, but criticized for his harsh treatment of Irish Catholics and his authoritarian rule.

puritan revolution

Event that took place in 17th century England, where the Puritans, a group of Protestants, rebelled against the monarchy and the Church of England. The revolution led to the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a Puritan government led by Oliver Cromwell.

Marxist theory

A social and economic theory that emphasizes the struggle between the working class and the bourgeoisie, and advocates for a classless society where the means of production are owned by the community as a whole. Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century.

wars of commerce 17-18th century

A series of conflicts fought between European powers in the 17th and 18th centuries for commercial dominance over trade routes, markets, and colonies. These wars were driven by mercantilist policies and the desire to control overseas territories for economic gain.

louis xiv

Flashcard for Louis XIV:

Sun King who ruled France from 1643 to 1715. Known for his absolutist rule, grand palace of Versailles, and expansionist foreign policy. "L'Etat, c'est moi" (I am the state) was his famous declaration of power.

french politics in 20th century

A political system characterized by a series of unstable governments, frequent changes in leadership, and a struggle between the left and right. The political landscape was dominated by the Socialists and the Gaullists, who both had significant influence on French politics. The country also experienced a period of decolonization, with the loss of its colonies in Africa and Asia.

causes of ww1

A complex set of factors that led to the outbreak of World War 1, including militarism, alliances, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

impact of ww1

WW1 led to the collapse of empires, the rise of new nations, the spread of communism, the growth of nationalism, and the development of new technologies. It also caused significant loss of life and devastation to many countries, contributing to the outbreak of WW2.

rise of bolsheviks

Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin was A communist political party that gained power during the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bolsheviks aimed to overthrow the existing government and establish a socialist state. They promised to end Russia's involvement in World War I, redistribute land to peasants, and nationalize industry.

government policies during great depression

• New Deal: a series of programs and policies implemented by President Roosevelt to stimulate economic recovery and provide relief to Americans.
• Emergency Banking Act: authorized the government to regulate and reopen banks.
• Agricultural Adjustment Act: aimed to stabilize crop prices and increase farm income.
• National Industrial Recovery Act: established codes of fair competition and minimum wages for industries.
• Social Security Act: created a system of retirement benefits and unemployment insurance.
• Works Progress Administration: provided jobs and public works projects to stimulate employment

lenins new economic policy

An economic policy implemented by Lenin in 1921 to revive the Soviet economy after the Civil War. It allowed some private enterprise and foreign investment while maintaining state control of heavy industry and banking. It was a temporary measure to rebuild the economy and was replaced by Stalin's five-year plans in 1928.

stalins 5 year plans

A series of plans to rapidly industrialize the economy and transform it into a socialist society. The plans set ambitious production goals for heavy industry, agriculture, and transportation, and were characterized by forced labor, collectivization, and state control over the economy.

wilsons 14 points

Proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson in 1918, this was a plan for peace negotiations to end World War I. It included points such as open diplomacy, free trade, disarmament, and self-determination for all nations.

league of nations

international organization founded after World War I to promote peace and security. It was established on 10 January 1920 and dissolved on 20 April 1946. The League failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II and was replaced by the United Nations.

spainish civil war

Conflict in Spain between 1936-1939, fought between Nationalists (led by Franco) and Republicans (supported by Soviet Union). Resulted in a Nationalist victory and Franco's dictatorship until his death in 1975.

rise and fall of Spain (15th-17th centuries)

Spain's rise in the 15th-17th centuries. The country experienced a period of great economic, cultural, and political expansion, becoming a leading global power. However, this was followed by a period of failure due to economic decline, political instability, and military defeats. This decline lasted until the 20th century when Spain underwent a period of modernization and economic growth.

philosophy of fascism

The study of the political ideology that emphasizes authoritarianism, nationalism, and the supremacy of the state over the individual. It often glorifies violence and views society as a hierarchy with certain groups being superior to others.

science's challenge to Liberalism

The idea that scientific advancements and discoveries can challenge traditional liberal values and beliefs, such as individualism and free will, by suggesting that human behavior and decision-making may be influenced by biological and environmental factors beyond our control.

philosophy's challenge to Liberalism

"Philosophy challenges Liberalism by questioning the universal validity of liberal principles like individualism, liberty, and equality. They also criticize liberalism for its inability to address structural inequalities and power imbalances in society. Instead, they propose alternative frameworks like communitarianism, postmodernism, and critical theory to challenge liberal assumptions and promote social justice."

diplomacy of interwar

The practice of negotiating and maintaining peaceful relations between nations during the period between World War I and World War II.

post wwi governments

The governments that emerged after the end of World War I, characterized by political instability, economic turmoil, and social unrest. These governments were often formed in the aftermath of the collapse of empires and the redrawing of national borders. Examples include the Weimar Republic in Germany, the Third French Republic, and the Provisional Government in Russia.

Nazi racial policies

Policies implemented by the Nazi regime to promote the idea of Aryan supremacy and eliminate "inferior" races, including Jews, Romani, homosexuals, and people with disabilities. These policies led to the Holocaust, resulting in the systematic murder of six million Jews.

Stalin's economic and political actions to modernize \n USSR

• Rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture
• Forced labor and purges to eliminate dissent
• Focused on heavy industry and military buildup
• Led to significant economic growth but also widespread suffering and death
• Contributed to Soviet Union's status as a superpower during WWII.

de-Stalinization in USSR

initiated by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev after the death of Joseph Stalin. It aimed to distance the country from the cult of personality and authoritarianism that Stalin had established, and to promote liberalization and modernization. De-Stalinization led to significant changes in Soviet society, including the release of political prisoners, the rehabilitation of victims of Stalin's purges, and the relaxation of censorship and repression. However, it also faced resistance from conservative elements of the Communist Party and sparked debates about the direction of Soviet socialism.

eastern bloc

The group of communist countries in Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union and its satellite states, that were politically and economically aligned during the Cold War.

existentialism

Philosophical movement emphasizing individual freedom and choice, and the search for meaning in a seemingly meaningless world.

social conditions wwii

The social conditions during WWII were marked by gender and racial discrimination, labor shortages, rationing, and the internment of Japanese Americans.

second Vatican council

Event that took place in the 1960s where Catholic leaders from around the world gathered to discuss modernizing the Church.

Marshall Plan

Economic aid program initiated by the US to rebuild Europe after WWII. Named after Secretary of State George Marshall. Implemented from 1948 to 1952.

revolts of Hungary (1956

A nationwide uprising against the Soviet-backed government of Hungary, which began on October 23, 1956, and lasted for several weeks before being suppressed by Soviet forces. The revolt was sparked by a student demonstration in Budapest and quickly spread throughout the country, with demands for political reform and greater freedom from Soviet control. The Soviet Union responded with military force, killing thousands of Hungarians and forcing many more into exile. Despite its failure, the revolt remains a symbol of Hungary's struggle for independence and freedom.

revolts of Czechoslovakia (1968)

Event that occurred in Czechoslovakia in 1968, when reformist leaders attempted to liberalize the communist regime. The Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries invaded the country to suppress the reforms.

thomas hobbes

Philosopher who believed in the social contract theory, where people give up some freedom for protection from a strong government. He wrote Leviathan.

john locke

Flashcard: John Locke was an English philosopher who believed that human beings were born with a blank slate (tabula rasa) and that knowledge was acquired through experience and observation. He is known for his ideas on natural rights, government, and the social contract theory.

society in renaissance Italy

• Flourished during the 14th-16th centuries
• Dominated by wealthy merchant families
• Social hierarchy based on wealth, education, and occupation
• Humanism and individualism were emphasized
• Art, literature, and science thrived
• Patriarchy and gender roles were prominent
• Slavery and serfdom were still present
• Significant contributions to Western culture and civilization.

religious war of 16&17 century

A conflict between Catholic and Protestant nations in Europe during the 17th century. It involved battles over religious differences, political power, and territory. Some of the major wars include the Thirty Years' War, the English Civil War, and the French Wars of Religion. These wars resulted in significant loss of life and destruction, and ultimately led to the establishment of religious tolerance in Europe.

Crimean war

Conflict between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire. Fought over control of the Black Sea and the balance of power in Europe. Lasted from 1853 to 1856. Marked the end of Russian expansion in Eastern Europe and the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

rise of various nation-states in 15th/16th centuries

The emergence of powerful nation-states in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries marked a shift from feudalism to centralized monarchies. This period saw the rise of powerful states such as Spain, Portugal, England, and France, who competed for power, wealth, and territory through exploration, colonization, and warfare. The growth of trade, the rise of the middle class, and the decline of the church's political power were all contributing factors to the emergence of nation-states.

role of Hapsburgs 16th/17th centuries

the Hapsburg family dominated Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries and played a significant role in shaping the continent's political landscape. They were known for their vast empire, which included Spain, Austria, and the Netherlands, and for their strategic marriages that strengthened their power.

corn laws

• Government regulations in Britain from 1815 to 1846 that imposed high tariffs on imported corn to protect domestic agriculture.
• The laws were supported by landowners but opposed by industrialists and urban workers who faced higher food prices.
• Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 marked a shift towards free trade policies and led to greater economic growth and industrialization in Britain.

Voltair

French Enlightenment writer and philosopher known for his wit, criticism of Christianity, advocacy of freedom of religion and free speech, and defense of civil liberties.

Montesquieu

French philosopher who wrote "The Spirit of the Laws". He believed in the separation of powers to prevent tyranny in government.

Bismarck

A German statesman who unified Germany in 1871 under Prussian leadership. He pursued a policy of Realpolitik, using diplomacy and war to achieve his goals. Bismarck also created a welfare state, introduced universal male suffrage, and implemented social reforms.

unification of Germany

The process of bringing together various German states into a single nation-state, which was achieved through a series of wars and diplomatic negotiations in the 19th century. The key figures involved were Otto von Bismarck and King Wilhelm I of Prussia. The resulting German Empire was declared in 1871, with Prussia as its dominant power.

women's rights and suffrage (19th/20th centuries)

• Movement for women's right to vote and equal rights
• 19th Amendment (1920) granted women's suffrage in the US
• Women's rights movements in Europe and other parts of the world
• Key figures include Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Alice Paul
• Achievements also include access to education and job opportunities for women.

Darwin and theory of evolution

Charles Darwin made the theory of evolution which was the process by which species of organisms change over time through the gradual accumulation of small genetic variations, resulting in the development of new species. Example: Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands had different beak shapes that allowed them to adapt to different food sources, leading to the development of new species.

causes of Russian Revolutions

1. Socioeconomic Inequality
2. Autocratic Rule of Tsars
3. Military Defeats in WWI
4. Food Shortages and Inflation
5. Influence of Marxist Ideology
6. Political Repression and Censorship
7. Peasant Discontent and Unrest
8. Rise of Revolutionary Groups and Parties.

causes of French Revolutions

Economic crisis, social inequality, Enlightenment ideas, weak leadership, financial mismanagement, rising food prices, political corruption, and resentment towards the monarchy.

causes of Industrial Revolution

• Period of technological advancements, starting in the 18th century.
• Factors such as agricultural revolution, population growth, new inventions, and access to natural resources led to increased production.
• The shift from manual labor to machines and factories led to the growth of industries and urbanization.

Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalysis who believed that unconscious conflicts and desires shape human behavior. He developed the concepts of the id, ego, and superego and the irrational

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means of economic and political domination over other nations or territories.

impact of voyages of exploration (15th/16th \n centuries)

The voyages of exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries led to the exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between different continents. The conquest and colonization of new territories also led to the displacement and exploitation of indigenous populations. These voyages marked the beginning of globalization and the emergence of a global economy.

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of European leaders in 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, to restore order and stability in Europe by redrawing the continent's political map, establishing a balance of power, and creating a system of collective security.

Galileo

Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials. He was the first to observe the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn. He also invented the thermoscope, a forerunner of the thermometer.

Newton

Scientist who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation. His work laid the foundation for modern physics and helped explain planetary motion.

Rousseau

Enlightenment philosopher who believed in the natural goodness of humans and the importance of individual freedom. He argued that society corrupts people and that the only legitimate form of government is one that is based on the general will of the people.

Copernicus

Scientist who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun at the center and the planets orbiting around it.