HOSA Human Growth and Development

health

state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing

health promotion

health care directed toward increasing optimal level of wellness

health restoration

tertiary disease prevention; rehabilitating and restoring person

malnutrition

poor dietary practice from lack of essential nutrients or failure to use available foods

general adaption syndrome (GAS)

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

fight-or-flight response

state of readiness

Change in lifestyle or personal habits is necessary to

promote maximal health.

Health maintenance focuses on

prevention and then need for early diagnosis and treatment.

An important goal on the national level is to

expand health care opportunities and eliminate disparities.

Health restoration begins after

the disease process is stabilized.

Health restoration aims to

restore function or help person compensate for losses.

Healthy lifestyle includes

nutrition, exercise, mental health, avoiding substance abuse, and disease prevention.

Factors that influence a person's health include

family, role models, social pressures, and self concept.

Disease prevention is composed of 3 levels:

primary, secondary and tertiary

The roles of practial nurses in health promotion are

caregiver, teacher, advocate, collaborator, and role model.

culture

learned patterns of behavior passed down through generations

values

deeply embedded feelings that determine what is good, bad, right, or wrong

norms

socially acepted rules and behaviors that guide behavior and interactions

folkways

customs in a culture that determine greetings

laws

written policies supported and enforced by the government

mores

moral issues strongly believed by a culture

sanctions

social remedies for violating norms

symbols

language, gestures, or objects that people in a culture use to communicate with each other

race

people who share similar physical characteristics

ethnicity

stable cultural patterns shared by families with the same historical roots

transcultural nursing

viewing patients as belonging to a world with many cultures

Culture is learned in

the home and community.

All groups have

beliefs and practices they maintain.

Cultural beliefs and patterns

distinguish culture groups.

Race and ethnicity determine

socioeconomic status.

The primary elements of culture are

beliefs, values, norms, sanctions, and symbols.

Ethnicity means that

people have shared cultural heritage, race, and geographical area, language.

cultural awareness

learning the history of a patient's ancestry and appreciating cultural differences, to understand how patients cope with problems.

cultural sensitivity

being correct in language and interaction to avoid offending beliefs and practices

Transcultural nursing was developed to

bring client satisfaction, early recovery, and meaningful death experience.

Hispanic Americans are the

largest and most rapidly growing ethnic group in the USA.

Hispanics are from

Puerto Rico, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Cuba, S and C America.

Native Americans are the

4th major ethnic group and made up of 200+ tribes.

Native American families have

strong bonds.

Native American tribes are organized

matriarchially but gender roles are flexible in large extended families.

African Americans include

slave and immigrant history from Africa.

African American history is similar to that of

the Caribbean.

European Americans make up

the largest cultural group int eh USA.

European Americans believe that

individuals are responsible for their own health.

Asian Americans are from

Korea, Japan, Philippines, and China.

Asian Americans see health as

balance between ying and yang/good and evil.

Asian Americans believe that good health is

a gift from ancestors.

Arab Americans/ME people come from

Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Palestine, Turkey, Pakistan, and Syria.

Cultural assessments are completed to

provide and optimal level of health care.

religion

specific belief and worship system

Religion is closed integrated with

culture ethnicity.

Health care workers can best meet patients' needs by

exercising tolerance and understanding religious beliefs and practices that influence their health.

dysfunctional family

family unable to offer its members stable structure and results in poor interpersonal skills

family

2+ people who have chosen to live together and share their interests, roles, and resources

Families are bound by

attachment and commitment

All families are ____ but all share __.

unique; goals of survival and personal fulfillment of family members.

Basic functions of the family are

physical maintenance of family members, protection, nurturance, socialization, education, reproduction, and recreation.

Families go through stages of development:

couple stage, childbearing stage, grown child stage, and older family stage.

Birth order may influence

the child's development.

Families can be classified as

autocratic, democratic, or laissez-faire depending on how the family members relate to each other.

message

expression of thoughts or feelings in words, symbols, or body language

sender

deliverer of message by initiating conversation

receiver

person to whom the message is sent

feedback

response to a message

verbal communication

communication transmitting attitudes, thoughts, and feelings using spoken or written words

nonverbal communication

body language

communication

interaction between 2+ people; exchange of information, ideas, feelings, and emotions

Communication consists of

message, sender, method, receiver, and feedback

Two basic types of communication:

verbal and nonverbal

8 modes of nonverbal communication:

physical appearance and dress, body movement and posture, facial expression, gestures, eye contact, tone and volume of voice, touch, and silence

Passive or unassertive people are unable to

share feelings or needs.

Aggressive people use

angry vocalization to dominate and harm others.

Assertive people are

empowered and comfortable expressing their feelings.

Two styles of communication:

social and therapeutic.

6 components of therapeutic communication:

listening and observing, warmth, genuineness, attentiveness, empathy, and positive regard.

Three phases of therapeutic communication:

orientation phase, working phase, and termination.

Factors influencing communication:

congruence, time and setting, proxemics, biases, physical handicaps.

Blocks to communication are

words and actions people use that tend to obscure their messages.

Techniques used to enhance communication:

validating, clarifying, reflecting, paraphrasing, restating, broad questions, general leads, making observations offering self, focusing, and using humor.

growth

increase in physical size

development

progressive acquisition of skills and capacity to function

maturation

process in which skills and potential that are independent of practice or training emerge

cephalocaudal

growth and development beginning at the head and progressing towards the feet

proximodistal

growth and development starting from center and spreading to extremities

heredity

genetics

personality

behavior patterns that distinguish people from each other

id

body's basic primitive urges

libido

pleasure principle; driving force behind most human behavior

ego

part of mind closest to reality

superego

further development that judges, controls, and punishes

Oedipus complex

boy's unconcious sexual attraction to his mom

Electra complex

young girl attracted to father and wants to get rid of mother

autonomy

acquisition of basic skills

generativity

process in which a middle aged person focuses on leadership, productivity, and concern for future generations

stagnation

person is unconcerned with welfare of others and is preoccupied with themselves

ego integrity

achieved when person is able to accept past choices

Growth and development occur and are ___.

simultaneously; interdependent

Two major influences on growth and development are

hereditary and environment

All nonhereditary factors are

environmental.

5 basic assumptions about growth and development:

progress orderly from simple to complex, continuous processes, occur at highly individualized rate, affect all body systems and stages, and form a total process together