biotech unit 2

Organic molecules

Molecules that contain carbon

C.H.O.P.N.S

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Sulfur

Rubisco

Enzyme that converts inorganic CO2 into glucose

Carbon

can form up to four bonds, and can participate in covalent and ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

electrons are shared between atoms

Ionic bonding

one atom takes away valence electron(s) from another atom

Structure = Function

structure of a molecule determines its function

Variation in carbon skeletons

arrangements of carbon atoms in organic molecules, including differences in length, branching, double bonds, and rings

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules consisting of long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which are non-polar covalent compounds

Isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structure

Hydrolysis

breaking down large molecules into smaller ones by adding water

Dehydration synthesis

building larger molecules by removing water

Functional groups

Groups of atoms within a molecule that behave the same way regardless of the molecule they are attached to, and can affect the function of the molecule

Monomers

Single building blocks that make up larger molecules

Carbohydrates

Sugars and their polymers, classified based on the number of simple sugars they contain

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars with a CH2O, which serve as nutrients for cells and are involved photosynthesis

what is this

hydroxl, alcohol

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carbonyl, aldehyde

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carbonyl, ketone

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non ionized carboxylic acid

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ionized carboxylic acid

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non ionized amine

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ionized amine

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1) —— and a 2) ——

sulfhydryl and thiol

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organic phosphate