BB LEC WEEK 01- Historical Background and Prevailing Trends in Immunohematology

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering the historical evolution, key figures, and regulatory framework of immunohematology and blood banking based on lecture notes.

Immunohematology

The branch of hematology that studies antigen-antibody interactions involving blood cells, serving as the scientific and serological foundation for safe blood banking.

Blood Banking

The overall operational process of collecting, testing, processing, storing, and distributing blood and its components.

William Harvey

In 1628, he described the theory of the circulatory system and proposed that the heart functions as a pump to circulate blood in a continuous circuit.

Robert Boyle

Conducted early experiments in 1660 involving the intravenous administration of soluble drugs and therapeutic agents into humans.

Richard Lower

Performed the first documented successful animal-to-animal blood transfusion in 1665 using dogs and a hollow goose feather (quill).

Jean-Baptiste Denys

Performed the first documented animal-to-human blood transfusion in 1667, transfusing lamb's blood into a young man with syphilis.

James Blundell

Performed the first successful human-to-human blood transfusion in 1818 to treat a woman with postpartum hemorrhage.

Samuel Armstrong Lane

In 1840, he performed the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat a patient with hemophilia.

Joseph Lister

Introduced the use of antiseptics in 1867 to control infection and contamination during medical and transfusion procedures.

Braxton and Hicks

Recommended sodium phosphate as a nontoxic anticoagulant in 1869 to overcome clotting obstacles.

Saline infusion

Replaced milk in 1884 as a safer blood volume replacement for patients suffering from dehydration and shock.

Karl Landsteiner

Discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901, explaining that antigen-antibody incompatibility leads to agglutination and hemolytic reactions.

Edward E. Lindemann

The first to develop a device for direct vein-to-vein transfusion using multiple syringes and a special cannula.

Unger

Designed a syringe-valve apparatus that allowed blood transfusion to be performed by a single physician without multiple assistants.

Alfred Decastello and Adriano Sturli

Identified AB as the fourth major blood group in the ABO system in 1902.

Ludvig Hektoen

Proposed in 1907 that transfusion safety could be improved through crossmatching donor and recipient blood.

Reuben Ottenberg

Performed the first blood transfusion using both blood typing and crossmatching in 1907.

Alexis Carrel

Developed vascular anastomosis, a surgical method of sewing a donor's artery directly to a recipient's vein to prevent clotting.

Guiseppe Moreschi

Described the antiglobulin reaction in 1908, providing the basis for the later development of the Coombs test.

Lee-White clotting time (LWCT)

Developed in 1912 by Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White to measure the time required for whole blood to clot.

Universal donor

Refers to blood type $O-$ because its RBCs lack A, B, and D (Rh) antigens.

Universal recipient

Refers to blood type $AB+$ because the individual can generally receive RBCs of any blood group and their plasma lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Albert Hustin

Demonstrated the use of sodium citrate in 1914 as an anticoagulant that works by chelating calcium ($Ca^{2+}$).

Richard Lewisohn

Established the practical use of sodium citrate, transforming transfusion from a direct to an indirect method in 1915.

Richard Weil

Demonstrated in 1915 that anticoagulated blood could be stored at refrigerated temperatures for extended periods.

Francis Rous and J.R. Turner

Developed a citrate-dextrose (CD) solution in 1916 for blood preservation, using dextrose as a metabolic substrate.

Bernard Fantus

Coined the term "blood bank" in 1937 and established one of the first organized hospital blood banks.

Rh blood group

Discovered in 1939-1940 by Landsteiner, Wiener, Levine, and Stetson; the D antigen is its most clinically significant component.

Edwin Cohn

Developed cold ethanol fractionation in 1940 to separate plasma into different components or fractions.

John Elliott

Developed the first blood collection container, which was a vacuum glass bottle.

Dr. Charles Drew

The first director of the American Red Cross who standardized techniques for large-scale blood collection and plasma storage.

Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD)

A blood-preservation solution introduced in 1943 by J.F. Loutit and Patrick L. Mollison.

Antihuman Globulin (AHG) Test

Also known as the "Coombs Test," developed in 1945 to detect IgG antibodies or complement associated with RBCs.

Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)

A type of Coombs test that detects antibodies or complement already bound to RBCs in vivo.

Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)

A type of Coombs test that detects antibodies in serum or plasma that can bind to RBC antigens in vitro.

Audrey Smith

Advanced the use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant in 1950 to prevent ice crystal formation during RBC freezing.

Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr.

Developed the flexible and durable plastic blood collection bag in 1950.

Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose (CPD)

Introduced in 1957, this solution replaced ACD as the standard preservative and extended shelf life to $21$ days.

Cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor

A plasma fraction rich in Factor VIII developed in 1965 for the treatment of Hemophilia A.

Rh immune globulin (RhIG/RhoGAM)

Introduced in 1967 to prevent Rh hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) by preventing maternal alloimmunization.

Apheresis

A process introduced in 1972 where specific blood components are separated and collected while remaining components are returned to the donor.

CPDA-1

An anticoagulant/preservative developed in 1979 that extends the shelf life of red cells to $35$ days; contains Citrate, Phosphate, Dextrose, and Adenine.

Additive solutions

Developed in 1983 to extend the shelf life of red cells to $42$ days using components like NaCl, dextrose, adenine, and phosphate.

RA 1517

Known as the "Blood Bank Act of 1956," it provided the first legal framework for regulating blood banks in the Philippines.

RA 7719

The "National Blood Services Act of 1994" in the Philippines, which emphasized voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation.