SOCI 250 need to knows

Enrico Ferri

Student of Lombroso and first to talk about 'the born criminal'.

Sarnoff Mednick

Proposed the biosocial theory that all behavior is triggered by the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Hans Gross

Australian lawyer who wrote that every criminal case should be treated as a scientific problem.

Immanuel Kant

German Philosopher who argued that we do not know reality; our minds form appearances about it.

John Howard

English sheriff who advocated jail reform and helped establish prisoner advocacy groups.

Emile Durkheim

Father of sociology and a pioneer of modern social research, major proponent of functionalism.

Somatotyping

The classification of humans into types based on body build and other physical characteristics.

Friedrich Wohler

Pioneered the study of endocrine systems and developed a chemical-glandular theory of personality differences.

Sir William Cubitt

Invented the 'tread wheel' for prison punishment, known today as the treadmill.

Gabriel Tarde

Proponent of symbolic interactionism, focusing on the social process through which criminal behavior is learned.

Clarence Ray Jeffery

Argued that for a crime to occur, three elements must be present: motivation, skill, and opportunity.

Henry Maudsley

Proposed that mental illness and criminal behavior are interconnected and that crime-prone traits are inherited.

Sir Robert Peel

Recognized for his ideas on policing that emphasize public approval and cooperation.

René Descartes

Considered the father of modern philosophy.

Cesare Berraria

Emphasized the importance of certainty, swiftness, and fairness in punishment to deter crime.

Michel Foucault

Modern-day revisionist on punishment, advocating for individualized approaches to justice.

Gustav Aschaffenburg

Argued that social environment is more influential on behavior than heredity.

Isaac Ray

America's first forensic psychiatrist known for defending moral insanity.

Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalysis, known for the iceberg model and stages of psychosexual development.

Atavism

Characterizes individuals who are considered throwbacks to earlier periods of human evolution.

Marc Ancel

A French Supreme Court judge who speculated on the emergence of a new school of social defense in criminology.

Terrie E. Moffitt

Proposed that biological roots of antisocial outcomes appear before or soon after birth.

Johann Gaspar Spurzheim

A student of Gall who introduced phrenology to America as a classification method for prisoners.

Cesare Lombroso

Used typology to identify 'the born criminal,' 'criminals by passion,' 'Criminaloids,' and others.

Definition of Schools of Criminology

A group of related theories that explain criminal activity based on philosophical perspectives.

Pre-Classical School

An early perspective that attributed crime to supernatural forces and demonic possession.

Classical School

Emphasizes free will where individuals rationally choose to commit crimes based on social contract ideas.

Neo-classical School

Acknowledges individual variations in criminal propensity while maintaining core rational choice ideas.

Positivist School

Focuses on scientific explanations for crime, advocating treatment programs tailored to offenders' needs.

Henry Herbert Goddard

Translated Binet's intelligence test into English and related crime to feeblemindedness.

Paul Topinard and Raffaele Garofalo

Studied punishment and the treatment of criminals.

Maurice Parmelee

Published the first criminology textbook.

Edward H. Sutherland

Published the principles of criminology.

Tadeusz Grygier

Started the criminology and correctional administration program at the University of Ottawa in 1967.

Ezzat Fattah

Established the SFU criminology program in 1975.

Denis Szabo

Founding father of criminology in Canada, launched the criminology program at the University of Montreal in 1960.

John Edwards

Established the centre for criminology at the University of Toronto in 1960.

Paul and Patricia Brantingham

Developed environmental criminology and significantly contributed to the field.

Benjamin Medelsohn

Considered the father of victimology.

Alphonse Bertillon

Modern criminalist who applied anthropological techniques to law and criminology.

John Locke and David Hume

Argued for empiricism.

William Sheldon

Refined Kretchmer's work on body types and their connection to personality.

Gustav Aschaffenburg

First proposed the link between mental abnormality and criminal behavior.

Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay

Studied crime in Chicago and concluded social disorganization contributed to delinquency.

Kim Rossmo

Creator of the software program Criminal Geographic Targeting.

Auguste Comte

Father of sociology and positivism.

Charles Buckman Goring

Conducted a statistical study of Lombroso's thesis linking heredity and environment to criminality.

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

Predecessors to Topinard and Garofalo, influenced early criminological thought.

Leon Radzinowicz

Early advocate of an interdisciplinary approach to criminology.

Frank Joseph Gall

Founder of phrenology, believed personality aligns with skull shape.

Jean Piaget

Conceived the theory of mental and moral development.

Agnew's general strain theory

Holds that strain results from failure to achieve goals, loss of positive stimuli, or presence of negative stimuli.

B.F. Skinner

Influential behaviorist, accepted human cognition exists but argued it can't be studied without bias.

Jeremy Bentham

British philosopher and economist known for advocating utilitarianism.

Versetehen

Emphasizes empathic understanding of human behavior.

Gemeinschaft

Describes social relations based on close personal and family ties.

Robert K. Merton

Expanded Durkheim's concept and developed his own explanation of crime.

James Mark Baldwin

Father of Canadian Psychology and early pioneer of experimental psychology.

John B. Watson

Recognized as the father of experimental psychology and behaviorism.

Tadeusz Grygier

Champion of the Social Protection Code promoting a fair justice system.

Proscriptive norms

Focus on negative behaviors, stating 'do not' actions.

Prescriptive (subscriptive) norms

Focus on positive behaviors, stating 'do' actions.

Alexander Maconochie

Created prison reform principles emphasizing humane treatment.

Earnest Hooton

Criticized Goring's findings, linking physical differences and social factors to crime.

Luigi Rossi, René Garraud, and Henri Joly

Pioneered the neoclassical school by rejecting classical punishment rigidity.

Earnest Kretschmer

Believed in two groups of criminals based on temperament and identified three body types.

Hans Eysenck

Personality theorist asserting that personality is largely determined by genetics.