Voice Disorder Anatomy Exam 1

What is the subsystem of voice and speech production?

Respiratory system

Name the two tracts in the respiratory system

Upper Respiratory system; Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

Lower Respiratory system: Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

How does the respiratory system assist with voice production?

Air rises to the VF, pressure builds up and when the pressure reaches a certain level the VF opens up

How much H20 is needed for normal voicing?

4-6 cm

What is checking action and the relevance to speech production?

Allows to maintain constant airflow and pressure during speech by engaging inspiratory muscles and expanded ribs

What is the subglottic pressure (phonatory pressure) for normal voicing?

4-6 cm

Name the different parts of the laryngeal framework

Hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilages

How does the crico-arytenoid (CA) muscle move?

rotate

How does the lateral crico-arytenoid (LCA) move?

rotates

How does the aryteniodues muscle move?

glides

How does the vocalis and the thyro-arytenoid muscles move?

rock

Which muscles adduct the vocal folds?

Lateral crico-arytenoid (LCA), Transverse and oblique arytenoid muscle (TA)

How does the Lateral crico-arytenoid (LCA), Transverse and oblique arytenoid muscle (TA) move?

Glide towards the midline

Which muscles abduct the vocal folds?

Posterior crico-arytenoid (PCA)

How does the PCA move?

Rotates out (separating the vocal folds)

Which muscles relaxes the vocal folds?

Thyro-Arytenoid muscle

Which muscles tense the vocal folds?

Crico thyromuscle and vocalis muscle

How does the cricothyroid muscle move?

lengths the vf by pulling thyroid cartilage down and forward

How does the arytenoid muscles move?

rotate, glide, rocks

List the instrinsic muscles

Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA), Inarytenoid (IAl; transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles), Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA), cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid,

List the extrinsic muscles

omohyoid, sternohyoid, diagastric belly, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, thyroid, sternothyroid muscle

List the Laryngeal elevators (extrinsic muscle)

Stylohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric belly (anterior and posterior), geniohyoid, hyoglossus

List the laryngeal depressors

sternothyriod muscle, sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid

What oes the stylohyoid muslce do? (extrinsic laryngeal elevator)

pull hyoid bone up and back during swallowing (innervated by the VII CN)

What does the digastric belly do? (extrinsic laryngeal elevator)

pull hyoid up and back during swallowing (anterior innervated by the V CN and posterior innervated by the VII CN)

What does the geniohyoid muscle do? (extrinsic laryngeal elevator)

moves hyoid bone foward and upward

What does the the hyoglossus muscle do? (extrinsic laryngeal elevator)

Pulls up the hyoid bone and/or brings down the tongue

What does the sternohyoid muscle do? (extrinsic laryngeal depressor)

pulls hyoid bone down

What does the sternothyroid muscle do? (extrinsic laryngeal depressor)

pulls down the thyroid cartilage

What does the omohyoid muscle do? (extrinsic laryngeal depressor)

Pulls down hyoid bone

What does the thyrohyoid muscle do? (extrinsic laryngeal depressor)

shortens the distance between the hyoid and thyroid

Name the three layer schele (tissue type) of the VF

Mucosa, Ligament, Muscle

Name the five layer scheme (histological) of the VF

Epithelium, Superfacial layer of LP, Intermediate layer or LP, Deep layer of LP, and Thyroarytenoid muscle

Name the three scheme (functional) of the VF

Cover, transition, body

What are the mechanical properties of the VF

1. Epithelium: thin and stiff

2. Superfacial layer of LP: Loose like a mass of soft gelatin

3. Intermediate layer of LP: Elastic like a bundle of soft rubber bands

4. Deep later of LP: Fibrous like a bundle of cotton threads

5. Thyrovocalis muscle: Like a bundle of stiff rubber bands

What type of epithelium is the TVF made of?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What do they mean by “passive” or “active” tissue in the cover-body theory?

1. Cover: passive tissue, pliable and crucial for voice quality

2. Body: active tissue, stiffer, thyrovocalis main mass of VF

What is the bernouli effect in voice production

VF are drawn together because of negative pressure

What two therories did be dicuss in terms of voice production and which one is debunked and corrct

1. Neurochronaxic (INVALID)

2. Myoelastic-aerodynamic (TRUE)

Explain the cycle of the VF vibration

1. VF are adducted

2. Subglottic pressure rises

3. Inferior/caudal part of vocal

   folds begins to open

4. Superior/cranial part of vocal

   folds opens

5. “Puff” of air is emitted

6. As the air goes

   through narrow glottis,

   velocity of air increases

   and pressure decreases.

   (Bernoulli effect) This

   decrease in the pressure

   and tissue elasticity bring

   inferior part of the vocal

   folds together

7. Superior part of the

   vocal fold closes.

What is the source filter theory?

The supraglottic vocal tract serves as a acoustic filter that suppresses or enhances sound energy at certain frequencies.

How do we control pitch?

Fundamental frequency (f0) of voice is determined by; stiffness, mass and length of the VF

Larngeal Innervation

Explain the RNL

The recurrent laryngeal

nerve (RLN) takes a

different path on the

right and left sides

• R: Goes around right

subclavian artery

• L: Goes around aortic

arch

• L RLN longer than R RLN

Explain the SLN

• Internal branch:

Sensory above the

vocal folds

• External branch:

Motor to

cricothyroid muscle

Which CN innervates the larynx?

CN X

What is the space above the true vocal folds called?

Supraglottis

What is the space below the true vocal folds called?

subglottis

Bernoulli’s principle

In fluid flow, an increase in velocity occurs

simultaneously with decrease in pressure

Name muscle and action

Name muscle and action

What bone is this>

Label each part

What is this?

Can you ID each of the number

Label each part

Label each part

Label each part

Locate each of the muscles in this picture

Label each part

Locate the IA and PCA

Label each part

Locate muscles and name

Label each part

Where is the styloglossus

Label each part

Label each part

Which muscle rocks the VF?

Thyro-arytenoid and thyrovocalis (vocalis)

Which muscles rotate the VF?

LCA and PCA

Which muscles glides?

IA - transverse and oblique cricoarytenoids (arytenoidieus)